Tulsa Race Massacre - The Powder Keg | 2
发布时间 2019-06-05 09:00:00 来源
Hey, prime members, you can listen to American History Tellers add free on Amazon Music, download the app today.
嘿，亚马逊会员们，你们可以在Amazon Music上免费收听《美国历史讲述者》，今天就下载这个应用程序。
Imagine its early evening on Tuesday, May 31, 1921. It's hot here on the top floor of the Tulsa County Courthouse, but the metal bars of Dick Roland's jail cell door are cool in your hands as you swing at shot. You pull a heavy key ring from your pocket, flip through it and finding the right key, lock the teenager in the cell.
想象一下，现在是1921年5月31日星期二傍晚的早些时候。在塔尔萨县法院的顶层很热，但迪克·罗兰的牢房门上的金属横杆似乎很凉快，在您手中摇晃着。您从口袋里拿出一串沉重的钥匙，翻阅着，找到正确的钥匙，将这名十几岁的少年锁在牢房里。
Something in his terrified eyes gets to you. "You okay? You didn't need. I guess. I didn't do anything, Sheriff. When can I get out of here?"
他惊恐的眼神里的某些东西让你感到不安。"你还好吗？你没事吧。我猜是这样。我没做什么，警长。我什么时候可以离开这儿？"
"I don't know, boy. You just hang on tight tonight. No telling what'll happen in court, but you're safe up here that you would be out there."
我不知道，夥計。今晚你就緊緊抓住，不管法庭上會發生什麼事，你在這裡比在外頭更安全。
As you turn to leave, you nod at one of the young guards position your buy. You step into the creaky elevator and head down to your office. Your head is pounding and the muscles in your neck are so tight they feel like they could snap. You rub your temples hoping to relieve the tension.
当你转身准备离开时，你向一位站在你旁边的年轻卫兵点了点头。你走进吱吱作响的电梯，前往你的办公室。你的头很痛，颈部肌肉异常紧张，感觉随时都会断裂。你揉揉太阳穴，希望能减轻压力。
The elevator rumbles down slowly, but you hear someone yelling before the door is even open. "Sheriff, you there, Sheriff." Man is charging towards you down the hallway. Behind them are two other men, they're all carrying guns and they smell like they've been drinking. You tense up.
电梯缓慢下行，但门还没打开就听到有人喊叫：“警长，你在吗，警长。”有个男人沿着走廊朝你冲来。他身后跟着两个人，他们手里拿着枪，口气像是喝了酒。你变得紧张起来。
"What can I help you with, sir? It's awful late to be at the courthouse."
先生，有什么我能帮忙的吗？到法院这么晚真的很晚了。
"I think you know exactly what we want, Sheriff. We're looking for that boy. The one the tribute calls Diamond Dick."
我认为您知道我们想要什么，警长。我们正在寻找那个男孩，致敬者称他为钻石狄克。
"I don't know what you're talking about, sir. And it's time for you to leave my courthouse. All of you. No, we don't have no intention of leaving without that boy."
对不起，先生，我不知道你在说什么。现在是时候让你离开我的法庭了，还有你们所有人。我们不打算离开而没有那个男孩的。
"You leave or I'll have you locked up. You're all strangers to me and you have any business here at this time of night. I know there's been some talk of lynching a Negro here tonight, but there won't be anything doing. Now get out of here."
你们离开，否则我会让你们被关起来。你们都不认识我，何况现在晚上还来这里做什么。我知道有些人说今晚会有一个黑人被私刑处死，但是这件事不会发生。现在赶快离开这里。
The three men glare defiantly, but they turn around, open the courthouse door and sontry down the front steps. Following them, you're startled to see so many onlookers, while there could be 700, 800 people here.
这三个人颇为挺拔地瞪着眼，但是他们转身，打开法院的门，然后走下前台阶。你跟在他们后面，吃惊地发现这里有那么多旁观者，可能有七百八百人。
The three ringleaders cross the street and get into a car and just sit there.
三位头目穿过街道，上了一辆车，就坐在那里。
That's it. Enough is enough. You stride to the car and lean in. Your anger is at a high pitch.
就这样吧。够了就是够了。你大步走向车子，倚在上面。你的愤怒已经到了极点。
"My boys, there isn't going to be a lynching here tonight if that's what you're looking for. You just as well go on home. Get away from here and stop this excitement."
“伙计们，今晚这里不会有私刑，如果这就是你们在找的话。你们最好回家了。离开这里，停止这种兴奋。”
Return and head back to the courthouse steps. One hand, prominently on the gun in your holster. You turn to the crowd.
回到法院门前的台阶上，手中明显握着手枪。你转向人群。
"All right, all right. Now there's one thing you need to know and you need to hear it loud and clear. I will kill the next man who enters this courthouse. Now it would be an easy matter for you boys to kill me, but you still wouldn't get any further. My deputies are on instruction to kill any man who tries to get near the prisoner. Now go home. All of you before there's trouble."
好的，好的。现在有一件你需要知道并且需要听清楚的事情。我会杀死进入这个法院的下一个男人。你们这些人杀掉我是很容易的，但你们还是不会有任何进展。我的助手被指示杀死任何试图接近囚犯的男人。现在回家吧，所有人，在出事之前。
You're going to get the crowd murmurs, some turn and begin to walk away. Others stay looking restive and angry, but you've said your piece and you mean it. You walk back up the courthouse steps into the limestone building, pulling the huge door shut behind you.
你即将引起人群的轻声低语声，有些人已开始转身离开。另一些人仍然不安和生气地待着，但是你已经讲完了你的话并且是认真的。你走回法院楼梯，走入那座石灰岩建筑内，将巨大的门紧紧关上。
It's going to be a long night. I'm Wondry, I'm Lindsey Graham, and this is American History Tellers, Our History, Your Story.
这一晚会是漫长的。我是 Wondry，我是林赛·格雷厄姆，欢迎来到《美国历史讲述者》，讲述我们的历史，你的故事。
On Monday, May 30th, the day before an angry mob showed up at the Tulsa courthouse, 19-year-old Dick Roland had stepped into an elevator operated by a young white woman named Sarah Page. What happened next is unclear, but Page screamed, and Roland fled the scene. .
5月30日星期一，在一群愤怒的暴徒出现在塔尔萨法院前的一天，19岁的迪克·罗兰德进入了一个由一位名叫萨拉·佩奇的年轻白人女子操作的电梯。接下来发生了什么是不清楚的，但佩奇尖叫了起来，罗兰德逃离了现场。
As soon as Page cried out, Roland would have known he was in danger. Ever since Oklahoma became a state in 1907, lynching a black residence had become more common. By 1930, 41 victims would be tortured and murdered in Oklahoma, most of them African-American, and those were just the lynchings to enter the official record. Many more went unreported.
一旦佩奇喊出来，罗兰就知道他处于危险之中。自1907年俄克拉荷马州成立以来，暴力针对黑人居民的私刑行为越来越多。到1930年，41名受害者在俄克拉荷马州遭受酷刑和谋杀，大多数是非裔美国人，而这些只是进入官方记录的私刑案件。更多的案件没有被报道。
One of the leading justifications for hanging African Americans was rape. Accusations that a black man had assaulted a white woman so inflamed emotions that the evidence didn't matter. An accusation alone was enough for a black man to find himself hounded by a mob, beaten, burned, and then swinging from a treeline.
导致非裔美国人被绞死的主要理由之一是强奸。指控一个黑人袭击白人女性会激起情绪，让证据变得无关紧要。仅仅一个指控就足以让黑人陷入受到群众追逐、殴打、焚烧以及悬挂在树梢上的境地。
Rape was also a convenient story when white men wanted to make an example of a black man, an ingrained wood that was likely the case. Attracted by the opportunity to make a living in the oil fields, thousands of white workers had flooded into Tulsa, swelling the population. But now, following World War I, many of those newer residents found themselves unemployed, aimless, and resentful of their prosperous black neighbors. And everywhere, the Ku Klux Klan had been stoking white rage, blaming white joblessness on African Americans.
强奸也是白人男性想要用黑人男性做个例子时方便的故事，这很可能是根深蒂固的现象。成千上万的白人工人被石油领域赚钱的机会吸引涌入塔尔萨，使人口膨胀。但现在，第一次世界大战后，许多这些新居民发现自己失业、没有目标，并对繁荣的黑人邻居心怀不满。而且，到处都是可汗克鲁克斯党煽动白人的怒火，将白人失业归咎于非裔美国人。
In Tulsa, that envy and resentment was coming to a head. When the crowd finally snapped, they would head to the heart of Greenwood, to its thriving neighborhood businesses and the homes of its 10,000 residents with only one thing in mind. Run the Negroes out of town.
在塔尔萨，那种嫉妒和憎恨达到了顶峰。当人群最终爆发时，他们将前往格林伍德的中心地带，前往其繁荣的社区企业和其1万居民的家中，只有一个目的。赶走黑人，让他们离开城镇。
This is episode two of our four-part series on the Tulsa Race Massacre, The Powderkeg.
这是我们关于塔尔萨种族大屠杀的四部曲系列的第二集，名为“火药桶”。
After he fled the Drexel Building Monday afternoon, Dick Roland had raced home from downtown Tulsa to Greenwood. In the meantime, police questioned Sarah Page, who initially claimed that Roland had assaulted her. The next morning, police had no trouble finding Roland on Greenwood Avenue, arresting him and bringing him to the city jail.
周一下午，迪克·罗兰从德雷克塔大楼逃脱后，飞快地从市中心的塔尔萨赶回格林伍德。与此同时，警方询问了萨拉·佩奇，她最初声称罗兰袭击了她。第二天早上，警察毫不费力地在格林伍德大道找到罗兰，将他逮捕并带到市政狱中。
When questioned, Roland told police that he had tripped while entering the elevator and fell against Page, possibly stepping on her foot. She panicked and screamed. After that same day, Page corroborated his account and admitted that she had overreacted, but Roland was not released.
当被询问时，罗兰告诉警方他进入电梯时绊倒了，撞到了佩奇，可能还踩到了她的脚。她感到惊慌，尖叫了起来。同一天晚些时候，佩奇证实了他的说法，并承认她反应过度了，但罗兰并没有被释放。
The news of the young man's arrest traveled fast and it caused a stir. Over the next several hours, tensions grew. At about four o'clock on Tuesday afternoon, Tulsa County Sheriff Willard McCullough received a phone call warning him that a lynch mob was out to get Roland. Police decided to transfer Roland from the city jail to the courthouse, saying he'd be safer there since the county jail was on the top floor and harder to access. With this transfer, Roland and the growing mob became McCullough's problem.
这位年轻人被逮捕的消息迅速传开，并引起了轩然大波。接下来的几个小时里，紧张情绪不断升高。周二下午四点左右，塔尔萨县警长威拉德·麦卡洛警方接到电话警告说有个私刑团伙要追杀罗兰德。警方决定将罗兰德从城市监狱转移到法院，因为县监狱在顶层，很难进入，所以在那里更安全。但是，随着这次转移，罗兰德和越来越多的暴民成为了麦卡洛的问题。
Sheriff Bill McCullough was a former cowboy with an elegant handlebar mustache and a determined manner. He'd been sheriff off and on since 1910, three years after statehood, but he'd only returned to the office six months before Roland's arrest.
警长比尔·麦卡洛是一位有优雅的手柄型小胡子和决心的前牛仔。自1910年州成立三年后，他一直是警长，但直到罗兰被逮捕前仅回到办公室六个月。
He'd taken over from the previous sheriff, Jim Wooley, who lost his reelection bid to McCullough after failing to protect accused murderer Roy Belton, a white man from being lynched nine months earlier in late August 1920. Then a gang of thugs have grabbed Belton out of the courthouse from the very cell where Roland was now being held and hanged him in front of a rowdy crowd.
他接替了前警长吉姆·伍利，伍利未能保护被指控的谋杀犯罗伊·贝尔顿（一名白人）在1920年8月底被私刑处死后竞选连任失败，而麦卡洛惠顾执政。当时，一群暴徒从法院里抓住贝尔顿，他们从Roland现在被关押的牢房里抓住他，在一个喧闹的人群面前将他绞死了。
Though McCullough was a veteran law man with his poorl handled 45-calibre pistol, he had a reputation for preferring to talk, not shoot his way out of trouble. Within a decade earlier in his previous stint of sheriff, he'd had to execute a convicted black man by hanging. It was about the worst job I ever had to do, he said later.
虽然麦卡洛是一位有着丰富经验的警官，但他手里拿着的那把质量不佳的45口径手枪使他更倾向于以言语而非开枪的方式来解决问题。在他之前的一次任期担任长官的十年里，他曾不得不执行一名被判有罪的黑人男子的绞刑。他稍后说这是他曾经做过的最糟糕的工作。
And on this night, Tuesday, May 31, 1921, McCullough had no intention of losing his job over Roland, nor of letting anyone harm the young man. To prevent the crowd from getting to the prisoner, he assigned six deputies to remain upstairs with Roland, with orders to shoot to kill if any outsiders came close. McCullough also disabled the elevator, one more measure to prevent anyone from grabbing Roland.
在1921年5月31日这个星期二的晚上，麦卡洛没有意图为罗兰而失去工作，也不想让任何人伤害这个年轻人。为了防止人群接近囚犯，他派出了六名副手留在楼上与罗兰同在，命令他们如果任何局外人接近，就要开枪杀死。麦卡洛还停用了电梯，以防止任何人抓住罗兰，这是一项更进一步的措施。
Later, McCullough would identify his biggest mistake that night. I should have killed those three men, he would say. To him, making an example of them could have made all the difference. Instead, the crowd of hundreds swelled into a mob of thousands, which stayed outside the courthouse for hours.
后来，麦考洛夫会说出那晚他犯的最大错误。他会说："我应该杀了那三个人。" 对他来说，以他们为例子可能会产生巨大的影响。结果，数百人的人群膨胀成了数千人的暴民，他们在法院外等待数小时。
As rumors that Roland had raped Sarah Page flew around both white and black Tulsa, the two communities responded in dramatically different ways. On the white side of town, Tulsa Tribune editor Richard Lloyd Jones reacted with vigor.
关于罗兰强奸萨拉佩奇的传言在白人和黑人塔尔萨城中传播，两个社区的反应截然不同。在城镇的白人一方，塔尔萨论坛编辑理查德·洛伊德·琼斯表现得异常激进。
The son of a prominent Unitarian minister, Jones had a flair for the dramatic. At the turn of the century, he'd been a Broadway actor, a short story writer, and later the editor of Cosmopolitan magazine. In 1919, at 46 years old, Jones had come to town from Wisconsin and purchased the Tulsa Democrat from a wealthy friend. He changed its name to the Tribune and said about to do everything he could to increase circulation.
琼斯是一位著名的一神教牧师的儿子，他非常善于表现。在20世纪初，他曾是一名百老汇演员、短篇小说作家，后来成为《大都市》杂志的编辑。1919年，46岁的琼斯从威斯康星州来到城里，从富有的朋友那里购买了塔尔萨民主党报。他将其改名为《论坛报》，并开始尽全力增加发行量。
Jones transformed the paper into a tabloid that ran a constant stream of stories about car jacking, murders, and lynchings. Because of Tulsa's lawlessness, there was no shortage of crime news to seize on. By 1921, there were some 6,000 cases waiting to be heard at the county courthouse.
琼斯将这份报纸转化为一份小报，不停地报道汽车抢劫、谋杀和私刑的故事。由于塔尔萨的无法无天，犯罪新闻不会短缺。到了1921年，在县法院等待听审的案件约有6,000起。
And at the time of Dick Roland's arrest, Jones had been running a string of editorials castigating the mayor and the police for failing to clean up crime and so-called immorality. The word immorality was a loaded term. One that the clan had co-opted to mean everything from jazz age relaxation of sexual morays to women's independence and the mixing of races.
当迪克·罗兰被逮捕时，琼斯一直在发表一系列社论，谴责市长和警方未能清除罪行和所谓的不道德行为。"不道德"这个词是一个具有指导意义的词语，Klan利用这个词来表示从爵士时代性道德宽松到女性的独立和种族混合的一切。
To the clan, relationships between black and white people were the worst offences, because the clan believed in the purity of white blood. Anything that hinted of sex between a black man and a white woman implied that pure white blood would be tainted.
对于这个氏族来说，黑人和白人之间的关系是最严重的罪行，因为这个氏族信仰白人的血液是纯洁的。任何暗示黑人和白人之间有性行为的事情都暗示着纯洁的白人血液会被玷污。
The KKK's presence in Tulsa wasn't widely known, though, although clan recruiters had set up shopping at downtown Tulsa office building. But the clan's philosophies were embraced by a sizable number in the white community, including Tulsa Tribune editor Richard Lloyd Jones.
KKK在塔尔萨的存在并不广为人知，尽管该团伙的招募人员在塔尔萨市中心的办公楼设立了摊位。但该团伙的理念被白人社区中相当数量的人所支持，包括塔尔萨论坛报编辑理查德·劳埃德·琼斯。
As the head of the Tulsa Tribune, he echoed this kind of coded language, and his sensational headlines and shrill editorials would rapidly ampt up the Tribune circulation and would make him a wealthy man.
作为《塔尔萨论坛报》的主编，他重复了这种编码语言，并且他的轰动性标题和刺耳的社论迅速增加了《论坛报》的发行量，使他成为了一个富有的人。
It was no surprise then that on Tuesday, May 31, 1921, Jones seized on the arrest of Dick Roland, quickly producing a story for the afternoon paper. According to One Eye Witness, newsboys hawk the paper on downtown corners using provocative language, emphasizing the lurid story of a negro assaulting a white girl. White passers-by quickly scooped up the paper.
1921年5月31日星期二，琼斯对迪克·罗兰被逮捕一事毫不意外地迅速为下午的报纸撰写了一篇故事。根据一位目击者的话，街头新闻小贩使用挑衅性语言在市中心角落叫卖报纸，并强调一个黑人袭击白人女孩的色情故事。白人路人迅速买下了这份报纸。
The article, a blend of fact and fiction, spared no melodrama. The story said Roland had looked up and down the hall to make sure he was alone before getting on the elevator. The account of the alleged attack itself, which had no witnesses, was woven out of whole cloth. The article read, he entered the elevator she claimed and attacked her, scratching her hands and face and tearing her clothes. The Tribune also played on the sympathies of white readers by claiming without evidence that Roland was a playboy who went by the nickname of Diamond Dick and that the young vulnerable Sarah Page was an orphan, working as an elevator operator to pay her way through business college.
这篇文章既有真实，又有虚构，没有什么夸张情节。故事说Roland先仔细查看了走廊，确保自己独自一人，然后才进入电梯。所谓的袭击本身，没有目击者，是完全捏造的。文章称，他进入了电梯，抓伤了她的手和脸，撕裂了她的衣服。Tribune报还声称没有证据表明Roland是一个花花公子，以钻石迪克的绰号而闻名，而年轻脆弱的Sarah Page则是一位孤儿，作为电梯操作员为自己通过商业学院支付学费。
But that wasn't all. Many readers said they also saw an editorial in the Tribune headlined, to Lynch and Negro tonight. But the op-ed hasn't survived. Before that issue of the paper could be preserved, someone destroyed the editorial pages of every existing copy. Within an hour after the Tribune rolled off the presses, there was talk of a lynching on the streets of Tulsa.
但那还不是全部。许多读者说他们还在《论坛报》上看到了一篇社论，标题为“今晚林奇和黑人”。但这篇社论现在已经不存在了。在保留那期报纸之前，有人摧毁了每一份存在的报纸社论版面。在《论坛报》一出版后不到一个小时，就在塔尔萨街头传出有人被架起绞刑的风声。
At four o'clock, the phone on police commissioner J.M. Agkinson's desk rang. An anonymous voice came across the line, we're going to lynch that Negro, that black devil who assaulted that girl. My Tuesday afternoon, anxiety-pervaded Greenwood. It centred in the offices of the Tulsa Star, one of two newspapers, along with the Tulsa Eagle, that served Tulsa's black residents.
下午四点钟，警察局长J.M.阿格金森的办公桌上的电话响了。一个匿名的声音通过电话线传来，我们要绞死那个黑人，那个袭击那个女孩的黑魔鬼。星期二下午，烦躁的情绪笼罩着格林伍德。焦点集中在“塔尔萨之星”报社的办公室里，这是塔尔萨市为黑人居民服务的两家报纸之一，另外一家是“塔尔萨之鹰”。
The news of Roland's plight had quickly reached AJ Smitherman, owner and editor of the star. At about four o'clock, Sheriff McCullough called the star office to say he expected an attack on the courthouse that night. Word went out that McCullough might need help protecting Roland from the mob. So a group of men gathered at the star offices on Greenwood Street to hash out what to do.
Roland 的困境的消息很快传到了星球报的所有者和编辑 AJ Smitherman 手中。约在四点钟，警长 McCullough 打电话给星球报的办公室，说他预计当晚会有一个攻击法院的袭击。消息传出，McCullough 可能需要帮助保护 Roland 免受暴民的伤害。所以一群人聚集在 Greenwood Street 的星球报办公室，商量该怎么做。
It would be an excruciating decision. They would have to balance courage, caution and pride. Older members of the group felt a careful strategy was needed, and they feared the consequences of an unthinking, instinctive response to the threat.
这将是一个痛苦的决定。他们必须平衡勇气、谨慎和自尊心。小组的老年成员认为需要谨慎地制定策略，他们担心不经思考、本能反应会导致不良后果。
Imagine this late Tuesday afternoon on May 31, 1921, at the headquarters of the Tulsa Star in Greenwood. You've shed your coat and are in white shirt sleeves and vest. There's still a newspaper to print, and you, as editor, have a lot of work to do. But a crisis is at hand. Your office is filled with community leaders, former soldiers, fathers, labors, young friends of Dick Rollins. They're all perched on every available chair and the edges of messy desks.
想象一下，1921年5月31日的一个傍晚，你在格林伍德的塔尔萨之星总部。你已经脱掉外套，穿着白色衬衫和马甲。还有一份报纸要印刷，你作为编辑，有很多工作要做。但是危机已经来临了。你的办公室里充满了社区领袖、退伍士兵、父亲、劳工、迪克·罗林斯的年轻朋友。他们都坐在所有可用的椅子上和杂乱的桌子边缘。
OK, OK, settle down, everyone. We've known this day would come. It is imperative that we keep cool heads about us. As you begin to speak, you eye Barney Cleaver in the corner. He's one of the only two black sheriff deputies in Tulsa, and he looks worried.
好的，好的，大家冷静下来。我们一直知道这一天会来临。重要的是我们要保持冷静头脑。当你开始讲话时，你目光落在角落里的巴尼·克利弗身上。他是图尔萨仅有的两名黑人治安官之一，看起来很担心。
I believe we must defend the young man. As I have long said, we cannot let any Tulsa citizen become a lynching victim. Cleaver, the deputy sheriff, stands up. No, no, no. You've got an outsized idea of what we can do against these white folks.
我相信我们必须保护这个年轻人。我一直说过，我们不能让任何塔尔萨市民成为私刑受害者。副警长克利弗站起来说，不，不，不，你对我们能够对抗这些白人的想法过于夸大了。
Barney, we can do this in a measured, calm way. But we must have a plan. If they'll let a white man get lynched, I don't just chief Gustafson, McCullough, or any of them to protect a black man against a mob. They have more people than we do, more firepower, and will stop at nothing.
巴尼，我们可以用冷静且有计划的方式来处理这件事。但是我们必须要有个计划。如果他们能让一个白人被私刑，我就不能只依靠 Gustafson 酋长、McCullough 或其他人来保护一个黑人不受暴民的伤害。他们有比我们更多人，更多火力和不惜一切的决心。
Now Barney, we have appeased for far too long and look where it has gotten us. You have five kids, AJ. What about all? What would your wife do if you were killed? We all have families, AJ?
巴尼，我们已经太长时间安抚了，看看这给我们带来了什么。你有五个孩子，AJ，其他人呢？如果你被杀了，你的妻子该怎么办？我们所有人都有家人，AJ。
Yeah. We do all have families. And many of us have sons just like Dick.
是啊，我们都有家人。而且我们中许多人都有像迪克一样的儿子。
Barney, McCullough called to let us know what could happen. He needs our help and is admitting as much. We need to send men to the courthouse not in violence, but in aid. We need to protect that young man from the mob. And you, some of the younger men, the veterans of the war, getting fired up. They're starting to gather the things, get ready to leave.
巴尼和麦卡洛打电话告诉我们可能会发生什么。他需要我们的帮助，也承认了这一点。我们需要派人到法院提供援助，而不是进行暴力。我们需要保护那个年轻人不受暴民的伤害。你们，一些年轻人，战争的退伍军人，开始兴奋起来了。他们开始收拾东西，准备出发。
The deputies' sheriff looks around, alarmed. I see many of you have made up your minds. I'll do what I can to keep the peace, but frankly, if you show up at that courthouse, I fear for your lives and mine.
警长的代表们惊恐地环顾四周。我看到你们中有很多人已经做出了决定。我将尽力维持和平，但坦率地说，如果你们去了那个法院，我担心你们的生命和我的生命。
Andrew Jackson Smitherman, or AJ, as he was known, was a publisher, father, and husband, and an affluent, highly respected leader in Greenwood. He also held strong opinions.
安德鲁·杰克逊·史密瑟曼，或者AJ，是一名出版商、父亲和丈夫，同时也是格林伍德地区富有、备受尊敬的领袖。他有着坚定的观点。
Under his leadership, the star urged dignity, respect, and equal rights for Tulsa's black citizens. Smitherman took a stance that some considered even militant, that the black community should defend its people against white brutality with force, and if necessary, with their lives.
在他的领导下，这位明星呼吁为塔尔萨的黑人公民争取尊严、尊重和平等权利。斯密瑟曼采取了一种有些激进的立场，即黑人社区应该用武力保护自己的人民免受白人的暴行，必要时甚至可以用自己的生命来维护。
Smitherman was a study in contrasts, both eloquent and elegant. He was small in stature, but he was as tough as he was articulate. Born in 1883 in Alabama, he moved with his parents to the Indian Territory in 1890.
斯密瑟曼是个反差鲜明的人，既有雄辩之才，又十分优雅。他个子不高，但和他的口才一样坚强。他1883年出生在阿拉巴马州，于1890年和父母移居到印第安领地。
At one point, he worked in a coal mine, but he followed that labor with extensive education. He attended the University of Kansas and Northwestern University, and got a law degree at Philadelphia's La Salle University. He moved to Tulsa in 1913 and started the star.
他曾在煤矿工作，但随后接受了广泛的教育。他先后就读于堪萨斯大学和西北大学，最后在拉萨尔大学获得了法律学位。1913年，他搬到了塔尔萨，并开始了自己的报纸。
He was also active politically, at one point serving as the Justice of the Peace for Tulsa County. When Roland was arrested, Smitherman feared the teenager sitting in jail was in grave danger.
他在政治方面也非常活跃，曾在某个时刻担任过塔尔萨县治安官。当罗兰被捕时，斯密瑟曼担心这位坐在监狱里的少年面临着严重的危险。
White jailers were known to aid Lynch mobs, as in the lynching of Roy Belton just eight months earlier had proved. To Smitherman, that incident showed that no one was safe in the hands of Tulsa's white officials, let alone a black man.
白人狱卒因为帮助林奇暴民而出名，就像八个月前针对罗伊·贝尔顿的私刑一样。对史密斯曼来说，这件事情表明在土尔萨的白人官员手中，甚至黑人也不安全。
And he hadn't had to wait long for proof. Only a day after the Belton lynching, an angry white mob in Oklahoma City, just 100 miles from Tulsa, had easily stolen a black prisoner named Claude Chandler out of a local jail, and lynched him.
他不用等待太久就得到了证据。在贝尔顿私刑案后的仅一天，距离塔尔萨仅100英里的俄克拉荷马城爆发了一场愤怒的白人暴动，他们轻易地从当地的监狱中劫持了一个名叫克劳德·钱德勒的黑人囚犯，然后将其私刑处死。
Furthermore, a thousand black Oklahoma City residents had turned out to defend Chandler, but obeyed police when they were turned away. An outrage Smitherman felt they'd failed moral cause. He penned an editorial, writing that it was the duty of lawful citizens to march to the jail, tell the jailer their purpose of their visit, and take life if they need to, to uphold the law and protect the prisoner.
此外，一千名黑人俄克拉荷马城居民赶来保护钱德勒，但在被拒入狱时服从了警察。斯密瑟曼感到愤怒，认为他们没有履行道德义务。他写了一篇社论，写道合法公民有责任走上街头，前往监狱告诉狱卒他们的来意，必要时可以采取行动维护法律并保护囚犯的生命。
The Chandler event indicated to Smitherman that white leaders couldn't be trusted to protect black prisoners. But it also proved something else, that violence against black people would continue unless men of color fought back.
钱德勒事件告诉史密瑟曼白人领袖无法信任，以保护黑人犯人。但它也证明了另一件事情，即黑人受到的暴力仍将继续，除非有色人种反抗。
He had reason for hope, because he'd seen the strategy work before. In 1918, when he was Justice of the Peace, Smitherman had been summoned to Bristol, Oklahoma, to help protect a black man named Edward Bohannon from lynching. He sent a telegram to the governor, requesting help. A race riot is imminent, he stated, kindly acted once.
他有希望的理由，因为他曾经看到这个策略起作用。在1918年，当他是治安法官时，史密斯曼被召唤到俄克拉荷马州的布里斯托尔，帮助保护一个名叫爱德华·博汉农的黑人免受私刑。他给州长发了一封电报，请求援助。他说，种族骚乱即将爆发，请及时采取行动。
But before Smitherman got to Bristol, 200 black farmers had gathered, determined to defend Bohannon from an even larger mob. The Bristol police chief warned the white crowd that he would shoot to kill anyone who dared harm Bohannon. He then safely took Bohannon out of town, averting the lynching.
但在史密斯曼到达布里斯托尔之前，有200名黑人农民聚集起来，决定保卫波汉农免受更大的暴民伤害。布里斯托尔警察局长警告白人群众，如果有人敢伤害波汉农，他会开枪杀死他们。然后他安全地将波汉农带出了城镇，避免了私刑的发生。
Smitherman and his followers were convinced that appeasing lynch mobs was folly. Not only was it humiliating, but he only served to show whites that they could get away with torture and murder over and over again, without end.
斯密瑟曼和他的追随者们坚信，让极端暴民满意是愚蠢的。因为这不仅令人丢脸，而且只会让白人明白他们可以一遍又一遍地摆脱酷刑和谋杀的惩罚，而没有止境。
Smitherman, a talented poet, summed up his philosophy with this verse: "They are trying to lynch our comrade, without cause in law to fai. Get your guns and defend him. Let's protect him, win or die."
斯密瑟曼是一位才华横溢的诗人，他通过这首诗表达了他的哲学： “他们正在试图无端绞杀我们的同志。取枪捍卫他，让我们保护他，即使赢或死也在所不惜。”
At the same time, Smitherman was a highly respected leader of the community. He believed in self-defense, but was aware of the danger of simply reacting without a strategy. Rather than rushing toward the mob, weapons in hand, he wanted to hear what Sheriff McCullough had to say.
同时，史密瑟曼是社区中备受尊敬的领袖。他相信自卫，但也知道单纯反击而没有战略是很危险的。他并不想带着武器就冲向暴民，而是想听听麦卡洛警长有什么话要说。
Other Greenwood leaders, JB Stratford and O.W. Gurley, would also weigh in. Like Smitherman, Stratford was angry. He had achieved enormous success and had no intention of acting subservient to whites.
其他格林伍德的领导人JB斯特拉特福德和O.W.格利也会发表自己的看法。像斯密瑟曼一样，斯特拉特福德也很生气。他取得了巨大的成功，不打算对白人表示顺从。
Moreover, he had always stood up for civil rights. Back in 1912, he'd sued a railroad when he became the target of a Jim Crow law that forced him to leave his first class railroad seat and move to a black-only car. And it was widely known that he'd almost beaten a white delivery man to death when the man insulted the color of Stratford's skin.
此外，他一直支持公民权利。早在1912年，当他成为吉姆·克罗（Jim Crow）法律的受害者，被迫离开他的头等铁路座位并移至只限黑人的车厢时，他曾起诉一家铁路公司。而且众所周知，当一个白人快递员侮辱斯特拉福德的肤色时，他几乎将他打死。
But Stratford had sunk his life savings into the magnificent Stratford hotel, and he also owned a great deal of other property in Greenwood. Now, in his early 60s, he was one of the richest men in Greenwood. He had a lot to lose.
但是斯特拉福德已经将他的存款全部投入建造宏伟的斯特拉福德酒店之中，同时在格林伍德拥有大量其他房产。如今，他60多岁，在格林伍德是最富有的人之一。他有许多财产要失去。
He struggled with these contradictions in the Tulsa Star Office, first urging a reason defense, but then saying, if anything were to happen to Roland, I will go single-handed and empty my automatic into the mob and then resign myself to my fate.
他在塔尔萨星报社为这些矛盾而努力挣扎，一开始他支持理智防御，但后来他说，如果罗兰发生任何事情，我会单枪匹马地向暴徒开火，然后任由命运安排并辞职。
Amidst the debate, the conflict intensified. O.W. Gurley, who along with Stratford had found at Greenwood, was almost as wealthy, so Gurley had a lot at stake too, and he had done business with White Tulsons.
在辩论中，冲突加剧了。与斯特拉福德一起在格林伍德发现的欧·W·格利几乎也很富有，所以格利也有很大的利益，他曾与白人图尔森做过生意。
In the discussions, he urged calm and offered to walk to the courthouse and carefully offer Greenwood's assistance, wanting to avoid using force. But some of the younger men were far too upset to buy their time. Their growing pride, belief and equality, and conviction in the morality of self-defense overtook the calmer older voices in Greenwood. One of them, Obey Mann, a World War I veteran who owned a nearby grocery store, was bristling with rage. He'd had enough talk. At six foot five and still as powerful as he'd been in the war, he was a natural fearsome leader, and so he stormed out onto the street, and a handful of fellow soldiers were right behind him. A storm was gathering.
在讨论中，他敦促大家保持冷静，并提议步行前往法院，仔细提供格林伍德的帮助，希望避免使用武力。但是有些年轻人太过激动，无法耐心等待。他们日益增长的自豪感、信仰和平等，以及对自卫道德的坚信，超过了格林伍德中更为冷静的老人们的声音。其中一个人，奥贝·曼（Obey Mann），是一名第一次世界大战的退伍军人，拥有附近的杂货店，他激动不已。他已经说够了。他身高六英尺五英寸，仍然像战时那样强大，是一个天生的恐怖领袖，他冲出大街，几个战友跟在他后面。风暴正在酝酿。
Hi, I'm Lindsey Graham, the host of Wondries Podcast American Scandal. We bring to lie some of the biggest controversies in US history, presidential lies, environmental disasters, and corporate fraud. In our newest series, we look at a covert US operation that toppled a democratic government in Iran. In 1951, Muhammad Mosadek was elected Iran's prime minister. Mosadek was largely focused on strengthening his country's democratic institutions, but he also sought to nationalize Iran's oil industry, letting his country's citizens profit from their own natural resources. But as Mosadek carried out his sweeping reforms, US officials grew concerned that Iran would soon fall under the sway of communists.
嗨，我是林赛·格雷厄姆，Wondries播客的主持人，我们介绍一些美国历史上最大的争议，包括总统的谎言、环境灾难和企业欺诈。在我们最新的系列中，我们将看一下美国秘密行动如何推翻伊朗的民主政府。1951年，穆罕默德·莫萨德克当选为伊朗总理。莫萨德克主要专注于加强国家的民主制度，但他也寻求让伊朗的石油业实现国有化，让国家的公民从自己的天然资源中获得利润。但随着莫萨德克实施他的全面改革，美国官员开始担心伊朗很快就会沦为共产主义者的影响下。
And with the blessing of America's top political leaders, the CIA launched a mission to oust Mosadek from power, the campaign involved bribes, psychological warfare, and staged riots. And it all led to a showdown that promised to reshape the Middle East for decades. Follow American Scandal wherever you get your podcasts, and you can listen ad-free on the Amazon Music or Wondry app.
在美国的最高政治领袖的祝福下，中央情报局发起了一次推翻莫萨代克政权的行动，这项运动涉及贿赂、心理战和策划暴乱。所有这些都导致了一场决斗，承诺为数十年重塑中东地区。无论你在哪里获取播客，都可以关注American Scandal，并在亚马逊音乐或Wondry应用程序上无广告地收听。
It's the fall of 2017 in Rancho Tehama, California. A man and his wife are driving to a doctor's appointment when another car crashes into them, sending them flying off the road. Disoriented, they stumble out of the car, only to hear dozens of gunshots whizzing past them. This is just one chapter of a much larger nightmare, unraveling in their small town. This is actually happening, presents a special limited series called Point Blank, shedding a light on the forgotten spree killings of Rancho Tehama, where alone gunmen devastated a small town, attacking eight different locations in the span of only 25 minutes.
2017年秋天，加利福尼亚州坦河牧场发生了一件事。有个男人和他的妻子正在开车去看医生，结果另一辆车撞到他们，让他们飞出了道路。他们失去方向，走出车外，只听到无数枪声擦过他们。这是他们所在小镇噩梦的一部分。这个事件实际正在发生，一个名为“Point Blank”的特别有限系列报道了被遗忘的坦河马连环杀案，其中一名孤独的持枪者在短短25分钟内袭击了该小镇的8个不同地点。
The series follows five stories of people connected to the incident, from a father that drew the gunmen away from a local school to the sister of the shooter. These are riveting stories that will stick with you long after you listen. Follow this is actually happening wherever you listen to podcasts. You can listen ad-free on the Amazon Music or Wondery app.
这个系列讲述了与这次事件有关的五个人的故事，包括一个父亲将枪手引开到当地学校外，以及枪手的妹妹。这些引人入胜的故事会在你听过之后长久留在你的脑海中。在任何听播客的地方都可以跟着发生的事情，你可以在亚马逊音乐或Wondery应用程序中无广告收听。
It was seven o'clock, not yet dusk, when an initial small group of 30 men in tent on defending Roland arrived at the courthouse. These were Greenwood neighbors who hadn't attended the meeting at the star. The feelings that defending Roland was the right thing to do had rippled throughout the neighborhood. In this group, also mostly veterans, had dawned their uniforms, grabbed their guns, and driven across town to offer help to Sheriff McCullough.
当初到达法院的时候，天还没有完全暗下来，时间是七点钟。这是一个最初的小团体，由30个人组成，他们在帐篷里保卫罗兰。这些人是格林伍德的邻居，他们没有参加在星星上的那次会议。保卫罗兰是正确的做法的感觉已经在整个社区中流传开来。在这个小团体中，大多数人都是老兵，他们穿上了他们的制服，拿起了他们的枪，穿过城镇，前来帮助谢里夫·麦卡洛。
When they arrived, there were at least 700 whites, men, women, and children at the courthouse, jeering McCullough, who was trying vainly to disperse the crowd. O.W. Gurley had already made it to the courthouse. There McCullough had urged him to go home and calm down the Greenwood residents, and persuade them to stay away from the courthouse. It was too late, Gurley couldn't turn back the waves of men from Greenwood.
他们到达时，法院前至少有700名白人，男人、女人和孩子，嘲笑着试图驱散人群的麦卡洛。O.W.格利已经来到了法院。麦卡洛敦促他回家安抚格林伍德居民，说服他们远离法院。可为时已晚，格林伍德的男人潮水般汹涌而来，格利无法阻止。
Barney Cleaver had also made it over to the courthouse. The African-American deputy Sheriff hurried over to the Greenwood vets. "Boys, you're not doing this right," he said according to later court testimony. "There isn't anybody going to get that boy tonight. He's perfectly safe here. You shouldn't have done this thing for it only stirs up race trouble. Go on home and behave yourselves."
巴尼·克莱弗也已经来到了法院。这位非裔美国副警长匆匆走向格林伍德的退役老兵们。“伙计们，你们做得不对，”他根据后来的法庭证言说，“今晚没有人会伤害那个孩子。他在这里是很安全的。你们不应该这样做，因为这只会激起种族问题。回家好好表现吧。”
And easily, the veterans did as Cleaver told, maybe, despite appearances, the sheriff did have the situation under control. So they returned over the Frisco tracks and into Greenwood back to their homes and families. But the trouble had only just begun. The Greenwood men were not organized, and they were angry. As the first group returned home, other groups were just arriving at the courthouse.
退伍军人们听从克里弗的指示，顺利返回格林伍德，回到家里和家人身边。或许，尽管看上去不太一样，警长还是控制住了事态。然而，这远远没有结束。格林伍德的男性们并没有组织起来，他们倍感愤怒。当第一波人返回家中时，其他群体刚好到达法院大楼。
Had they realized the situation they would encounter, they might have had second thoughts. It was almost dark, and the white mob had grown from hundreds to thousands.
如果他们意识到即将遭遇的局面，他们可能会考虑再三。天将近黑了，白人聚众已经从数百人增长到了数千人。
Like Tulsa itself, the group was economically mixed. By then Tulsa was home to some 400 oil companies, seven banks, luxurious hotels, and opera company, four train lines and restaurants and shops for miles. It was a playground of the newly wealthy, a wash and oil money. But it was also home to thousands of poor people who had flooded into the city from all over the south and southwest, chasing work in the oil fields.
就像塔尔萨本身一样，这个群体在经济上也是各不相同的。当时，塔尔萨有约400家油气公司，七家银行，豪华酒店，歌剧公司，四条火车线路以及数英里的餐厅和商店。它是新财富阶层的游乐场，一个洗钱和石油资金的地方。但它也是成千上万从南部和西南部涌入该城市的贫穷人家的家园，这些人们在油田工作中摸爬滚打。
With the first world war over, demand for oil fell, and many people newly settled in Tulsa were out of work and resentful. Throughout the country, the clan played on these fears, blaming white unemployment on black economic self-sufficiency, and nowhere was that contrast greater in Tulsa where poor white people envied the wealth and success so apparent in greenwood.
随着第一次世界大战的结束，对石油的需求减少，新落户在塔尔萨的许多人失业并感到愤怒。在全国范围内，克兰组织利用这些恐惧，把白人的失业归咎于黑人的经济自给自足。而在塔尔萨，这种对比尤为明显，穷白人羡慕格林伍德地区的财富和成功。
This resentment was also fueled by moonshine, although alcohol had been illegal in Oklahoma even before the ratification of the 19th Amendment, it was still everywhere. The crowd had attracted rough oil workers, and many unemployed poor white people barely hanging on.
这种怨恨也因泥鳅酒的推波助澜而加剧，尽管酒精在俄克拉荷马州在第19修正案通过之前就已经非法，但它仍然无处不在。这个群众吸引了粗暴的石油工人和许多勉强维持生计的失业白人。
By sundown at the courthouse, many were drunk. Some held open bottles in one hand and weapons in the other. Others were unarmed, but they wouldn't remain so for long. The situation was quickly growing more dangerous. On both sides of the tracks, men were roaming the streets, some urging fighting, others attempting to calm things down.
日落时在法院，许多人已经喝醉了。有些人一手拿着敞开的酒瓶，另一手拿着武器。其他人没有武器，但他们不会太久没武器。局势迅速变得更加危险。在轨道的两侧，男人们正在街上徘徊，有些人劝架，有些人试图平息局势。
In the latter group was a young greenwood resident named Columbus F. Gabe. Gabe was heading from the courthouse to the safety of his home when he ran into some African-American veterans, three carloads of men, including some who had been at the meeting at the Tulsa Star. Gabe, who after the master, would become a Tulsa police officer, jumped into the street to block their way. He threw his hands up in the air, urging them to turn around. But one of the greenwood men pointed his gun at Gabe in order to him out of the street. Gabe stepped away from the car, his eye on the gun, and they drove on.
在后一组人中，有一个名叫哥伦布·F·盖布的年轻格林伍德居民。盖布正在从法院回家的路上，当时他碰到了几个非裔美国退役军人，三辆车的男人，其中一些人曾参加在塔尔萨明星举行的会议。盖布后来成为塔尔萨警察，他跳到街上阻挡他们的去路，并举起双手，敦促他们转身离开。但是，一个格林伍德的男人拿着一支枪指着盖布，让他走出街道。盖布离开了车的旁边，眼睛盯着枪口，他们开车走了。
Back at the courthouse, a white man was also urging restraint, trying desperately to control the huge mob. He pleaded for the crowd to back down, because the black community could and would fight back. He told them, falsely, that African-Americans were riding around downtown with revolvers and rifles. Rumors were flying that night, and it's possible the man believed what he said, or that he exaggerated the threat to disperse the crowd.
在法院大厦里，一个白人也在极力呼吁克制，试图控制那个庞大的人群。他恳求人群不要继续冲突，因为黑人社区有能力并将要反击。他谎称非裔美国人在市中心骑着左轮手枪和步枪四处游荡。那晚旧闻四起，这个男人可能相信自己所说的话，或者夸大了威胁以驱散人群。
Either way, some whites were preparing to leave. But before they could, the three carloads of black veterans Gabe had tried to stop, pulled up, armed, and in military uniform. They marched, single-file toward the courthouse. At six foot five, Grocer O.B. Mann, who was leading the group, posed a formidable presence. But along with him, were Pegleg Taylor, Will Robinson, Blood Bassett, Jack Scott, and many others, including those known only by their nicknames, Fattie, Chummy, and Big Fred.
无论如何，一些白人准备离开。但是，在他们离开之前，黑人退伍军人组成的三辆汽车已经抵达了，他们武装着身穿军服，而且是加布试图阻止的。他们排成一列向着法院行进。身高6英尺5寸的杂货店老板O.B.曼（Grocer O.B. Mann）在领导着这个团队，他展现出了一种可怕的存在。而伴随着他的还有佩格莱格·泰勒（Pegleg Taylor）、威尔·罗宾逊（Will Robinson）、布拉德·巴塞特（Blood Bassett）、杰克·斯科特（Jack Scott）等等，包括那些只有绰号的人，比如胖子（Fattie）、Chummy和Big Fred在内的许多人。
They met another 35 black man marching alongside the courthouse, and Sheriff McCullough was trying to reason with all of them. He would later testify that some said they would go if he would assure them that he would not let the mob take the role in boy. But just as one way of a black man would turn to leave, another group would appear, and McCullough found himself surrounded by Greenwood residents, all talking and arguing at once.
他们遇到了另外35个黑人，一起走在法院旁边，麦卡洛夫警长正在努力说服他们。他后来证言说，有些人表示如果他保证不让暴民伤及那个男孩的话，他们就会走。但就在一个黑人准备离开时，另一群人又出现了，麦卡洛夫发现自己被格林伍德居民包围着，大家都在同时说话和争论。
And as in the white mob, some of the black men had been drinking. Imagine it's 9.30 Tuesday night. You've just pulled up outside the courthouse in your model T, with a posse of men from Greenwood. Your plan is to reason with Sheriff McCullough, but you're ready to pull a trigger if you need to.
现在想象一下，时间是周二晚上9点半，你和一群来自格林伍德的人开着你的T型车刚刚停在法院外面。像白人暴民一样，一些黑人男子已经醉醺醺地喝了点酒。你们的计划是与麦卡洛警长好好商量，但是如果需要的话，你们也准备扳动扳机。
You got used to that in France, and you also got accustomed to being respected by the French citizens and soldiers, but it's been starkly different since you returned home from the war. You're tall enough so that you can see above the enormous crowd, and once you see alarms you, not just the size, but the fury, the weapons, and the open bottles of booze, it's a powder cake.
你在法国习惯了这一切，习惯了法国人和士兵的尊重，但自从你从战争归来，一切都变得截然不同。你很高，可以看到庞大的人群，一旦你看到警报，不仅是人群的规模，而且是愤怒、武器和敞着的酒瓶，这是一种火药桶。
Come on boys, let's go talk to the sheriff. You lead your group through small crowds of your neighbors and friends, toward Sheriff McCullough, the only wife face in a sea of dark ones, still fair bit from you. You want to make your case that he needs the protection you soldiers can give to keep Dick Rowland safe. If you could just get over to the sheriff to talk.
来吧，伙计们，咱们去跟警长谈谈吧。你带领着你的团队穿过邻居和朋友的小聚集，朝着警长麦卡洛的方向走去。他是在黑脸孔中唯一的白人，离你还有一段距离。你想为自己的说法辩护，让他明白保护狄克·罗兰德的重要性，而你们这些士兵可以提供保护。只要先到了警长那里说说话就好了。
But suddenly, a white man, about 5'6", appears in front of you and plants his feet. He's not going anywhere. You're a foot taller than he is, much stronger. But that doesn't stop him from addressing you in an old, familiar way. Are you going with that weapon boy? I'll use it if I have to. Like hell you will, give it to me. He reaches for your pistol, you drink it away. He grabs your arm.
突然之间，一个身高大约五尺六寸的白人挡在你面前，脚下站稳了。他不会离开。你比他高一个脚，更强壮一些。但这并没有阻止他用一种古老而熟悉的方式来对你说话。你带着那个武器去哪了，小伙子？如果必要，我会用它。你不要做恶魔，把它给我。他伸手去拿你的手枪，你把它从身边拿走。他抓住了你的胳膊。
The crowds seem to crush in on you. Man's eyes, intent, and furious. You'll think back on this moment for the rest of your life, and you're still not sure what happened. But you know for sure what happened next.
人群似乎要把你挤压在一起。那个人的眼神充满了专注和愤怒。你会在余生中回想这一刻，但你仍然不确定发生了什么。但你肯定知道接下来发生了什么。
Sheriff McCullough would testify later that the sound of the gunshot was just like throwing a match in the powder can. Near him, black veterans began shooting. Surrounded by African American men offering their help in protecting Rowland, McCullough's first thought was that the white mob would immediately begin shooting back toward the black crowd he was in, so he dove for the sidewalk.
谢里夫·麦卡洛将在稍后作证，他说枪声就像在火药桶里投火柴一样。在他附近，黑人老兵开始射击。被一群非裔美国男子包围，他们主动提供帮助保护罗兰德，麦卡洛的第一反应是白人暴徒会立即开始向他所在的黑人人群反击，所以他跳到了人行道上。
When he got up, the streets cleared, the crowds having fled the gunfire. But a body-laid dying near the courthouse under a billboard of smiling movie star Mary Pickford. Chaos followed the initial killing with people shooting and running throughout downtown. In short order, a dozen people laid dead on the streets near the courthouse.
起床时，他看到街道已经空了，人群已经逃离了枪声。但是，在法院附近的一块笑容满面的电影明星玛丽·皮克福德的广告牌下，有一具垂死的尸体。接着，混乱就随着最初的凶杀爆发了，人们在市中心射击和奔跑。不久之后，在法院附近的街道上，已经有十几个人倒在地上，失去了生命。
Though many were armed, hundreds in the white mob didn't have guns, but wanted them. We're in the evening, about 400 whites had tried to break into the National Guard Armory, but Major Jason Bell had stopped them, stationed in guards around the building and one on the roof.
虽然许多人带着武器，但数百名白人暴徒并没有枪支，但却想拥有它们。这是在晚上，大约400名白人试图闯入国民警卫队军械库，但杰森·贝尔少校阻止了他们，派遣守卫围着建筑物并在屋顶上安置了一个守卫。
Without access to the armory's weapons, the white mob now ransacked downtown pawn shops, hardware and sporting goods stores, looking for firearms. The sound of breaking glass shattered the night as they destroyed store windows. Some stores, trying to avoid the destruction, voluntarily opened their doors to the mob.
由于无法进入军械库获取武器，白人暴徒开始在市中心典当店、五金店和体育用品店肆无忌惮地搜索枪支。他们摧毁店铺的橱窗，破碎玻璃的声音在夜幕中回荡。为了避免被毁，一些店铺自愿向暴徒开放门户。
The white rioters, including hundreds who had been drinking all night, quickly grabbed every gun and box of ammunition in town. For getting Dick Roland, still secure in his county jail cell, and now turning to fight what they believed was a negro uprising.
这些白人暴民中有数百人整夜狂欢酒后，很快抢夺了镇上所有的枪支和弹药。他们想找到身处县监狱牢狱之中的迪克·罗兰德，并准备应对他们所认为的黑人暴动。
When the shooting began, it seemed to be everywhere at once. The police force was wholly unprepared. For some reason there were few police officers on the street that night. The normal patrols were missing.
当枪声响起时，它似乎无处不在。警察部队完全没有准备。出于某种原因，那个晚上街上的警察很少。正常巡逻也消失了。
The accident lapse was part of a broader pattern of actions, either intentional or due to incompetence, that would eventually see police chief John Gustafson convicted for neglect of duty. Gustafson had just been appointed to his position the previous year. He had a dubious history. Sheriff McCullough despised him.
这起事故失误是更广泛的行动模式的一部分，无论是故意还是由于无能，这最终导致警察局长约翰·古斯塔夫森因玩忽职守而被定罪。古斯塔夫森去年刚刚被任命到这个职位。他有一个可疑的历史。舍夫·麦卡洛对他很厌恶。
Shortly after Gustafson's appointment, McCullough complained to the city commissioner about the new police chief's decades-long involvement with snitches and crooks. McCullough diarly predicted that Gustafson would be counted on to hire that same class of people as his new police officers. And McCullough was right.
在古斯特夫森任命不久之后，麦考洛向市长投诉了这位新任警长与线人和罪犯长达数十年的牵涉。麦考洛预言，古斯特夫森会依赖同一类人来雇佣他的新警官。麦考洛的预言成真了。
Only two weeks before Roland was arrested, the city had concluded an investigation into the force, prompted by numerous complaints of ineptitude, sexual abuse of female prisoners, and corruption. Officers were known to confiscate illegal alcohol and either use it themselves or sell it sometimes to their prisoners. The investigation went nowhere though, and a Tulsa-World newspaper headline in May had reported impeachment of police falls flat.
Roland被逮捕前仅有两周，城市已经完成了一项调查，为了回应多次关于低效、对女犯人的性虐待以及腐败的投诉。警察被发现会没收非法酒精，有时自己使用或者将其出售给犯人。调查没有什么结果，五月份的Tulsa-World报纸标题报道警察弹劾未果。
But perhaps Gustafson's worst violation of law and order had come earlier when Roy Belton was lynched. A line of hundreds of cars had followed the mob out to the remote location where Belton was to be hanged. Rather than trying to stop the vigilantes and save Belton, Gustafson had directed traffic.
或许，古斯塔夫森最严重的违法乱纪行为是早些时候参与了罗伊·贝尔顿的私刑处死。数百辆车组成的队伍跟随暴徒到达了贝尔顿被处决的偏远地点。古斯塔夫森没有试图阻止私刑者，拯救贝尔顿，而是在指挥交通。
After the murder, Gustafson said he didn't condone mob law, but he added, it is my honest opinion that the lynching of Belton will prove of real benefit to Tulsa and vicinity. At the courthouse, on the night of May 31, Gustafson checked in a few times. When the shooting started, he didn't question the mob's conclusion. A black uprising was happening and it had to be quashed.
在谋杀事件发生后，古斯塔夫森表示他不支持暴民法律，但他补充道，我真正的观点是贝尔顿的私刑将对塔尔萨及周边地区带来实际的好处。在法院大楼的5月31日晚上，古斯塔夫森几次出现。当枪战开始时，他没有质疑暴民的结论。一场黑人起义正在发生，必须被镇压。
Gustafson deputized approximately 500 white men on the spot. They were given badges and arms. If Gustafson relied upon his gut feeling and little announced to choose his new deputies, he would later say, I talked to the men and those I thought would remain cool headed, I commissioned. Notably all of his emergency commissions were given to white men.
古斯塔夫森当场委任约500名白人男子。他们被赋予了徽章和武器。如果古斯塔夫森依靠自己的直觉和很少公开的选择他的新副手，他后来会说：“我与这些人交谈，那些我认为会保持冷静的人，我就任命了他们。” 值得注意的是，他所有的紧急委任都是授予白人男子的。
As N.W.A.C.P. executive secretary Walter White later said in a report about the riot, they could have been thugs, murderers, escape felons, or a member of the mob itself. The police did refuse to commission at least one man, a 26 year old white bricklayer named Laurel Buck. They didn't give him a badge, but they did give him instructions. Get yourself a gun and get busy and try to get a Negro.
南方黑人进步会的执行秘书沃尔特·怀特后来在对暴乱撰写的报告中说，这些人可能是暴徒、杀人犯、越狱罪犯或暴徒成员。警方拒绝至少一人的加入，一位26岁的白人砖匠劳雷尔·巴克。他们没有给他徽章，但他们给了他指示。拿起枪，开始行动，试着找一个黑人。
Imagine it's about dusk on Tuesday, May 31. You turn away from your bedroom door and gaze at your stunning new prom dress lying on your bed. This silk, the first evening dress you've ever owned, made custom for you by Betty Williams, the best seamstress in Greenwood. It has a tight bodice and a huge taffit of skirt. You love how it rustles when you walk in it.
假设是5月31日星期二傍晚。你从卧室门口转身，注视着床上的崭新晚装礼服。这是你有史以来第一件晚礼服，由格林伍德最好的裁缝贝蒂·威廉姆斯为你量身定制的丝绸面料。它拥有紧身上衣和巨大的褶边裙子。你喜欢穿着它走路时发出的沙沙声。
"Mama, it's time to start getting ready. I'm going to need a hand with all these buttons. You can just imagine how the dress will move when you and Verbi dance together tonight. And not in some old high school gym, no this draffered hotel, one of the finest hotels in the whole country right here in Greenwood."
妈咪，是时候开始准备了。我需要你帮我扣一下这些扣子。你可以想象一下，当你和Verbi今晚一起跳舞时，这条裙子会有多动人。不是在一些古老的高中体育馆里，而是在这家著名的酒店，每个人都认为这是整个国家最好的酒店之一，在格林伍德市。
Your mother appears at the door, balancing your little brother willy on her hip. "Vines, you don't want to get in that dress right now. You'll get it all sweaty. Fix your face first, get your stockings on and your jewelry."
你母亲出现在门口，用臀部支撑着你的小弟弟威利。"温斯，你现在不要穿那件衣服。你会弄得很汗的。先打扮好脸，穿好袜子和珠宝。"
You step lightly over to your dresser and pick up a length of pearls. "Oh mama, I haven't shown you yet. I just picked these up from Betty. She lent them to me for tonight. Aren't they stunning?"
你轻轻走向你的梳妆台，拿起一串珍珠。“噢妈妈，我还没给你看呢。这是我从贝蒂那里拿来的。她借给我今晚用。它们不是很迷人吗？”
"They are, but you have to be careful with those. They need to go right back to her in the morning."
他们是可以使用的，但你必须小心。它们早上需要立刻归还给她。
"Mama, of course I will. Look at the wheel." You freeze in shock, dropping the pearls. "Mama, what is that?"
"妈妈，当然我会。看那个轮子。”你惊骇地凝固了，珍珠掉了。 “妈妈，那是什么？”
"Oh, Lord, honey, I don't know." Your mother shrinks away from the window. The cover's Willey's head as best she can. "Something bad is happening. You leave that dress there and come with me."
哦，天啊，亲爱的，我不知道。你的母亲从窗户后缩了回来，尽可能地盖上了威利的头。“有些不好的事情正在发生。你把那件衣服留在那里，跟我走吧。”
"But mama,"
"But mama," 变成中文的说法可能是：“可是妈妈，……”或者“妈妈，我想说的是……”
"Now baby, now."
现在宝贝，现在就可以了。
You follow your mother downstairs to the kitchen. Your younger siblings come running to clutching at you and your mother. Willey has begun wailing and your mother instinctively hushes him. Through the doorway into the parlor, you see your father grab his gun from over the mantle and bound out the back door.
你跟着你妈妈下楼到厨房。你的小兄弟姐妹跑过来紧紧抓住你和你妈妈。威利已经开始哭泣，你妈妈本能地嘘他。透过客厅的门口，你看到你爸爸从壁炉上抓起枪，窜出后门。
"Where is he going?"
他要去哪里？
"Quite, baby. You need to be quiet."
"安静点，宝贝。你需要保持安静。"
Outside you hear running, yelling and gunshots. It sounds like a war. You pick up four-year-old Willey and squeeze her tight as your heart races. After a long two minutes, the door opens again. It's your father.
你在外面听到奔跑、喊叫和枪声，听起来像战争。你抱起4岁的威利，紧紧地搂在怀里，心跳加快。经过漫长的两分钟，门再次打开了。是你的父亲。
"There's a race ride. It's time to go."
有一个比赛要开始了。到了出发的时间了。
It takes you a minute to grasp what he's saying that you have to leave your home and flee Greenwood to escape the dangerous white men outside. But no one moves until the sounds of the yelling fade. Seems they have moved on. Now it's time to run.
你需要花一分钟才能理解他在说什么，他说你必须离开家逃离格林伍德，逃离外面危险的白人。但在尖叫声消失之前，没有人移动。看起来他们已经走了。现在是逃跑的时候了。
Vanese Sims and her family dashed into her father's black Ford and drove north out of town in a line behind many other cars also escaping the violence. The perfect dress, shoes, and shiny pearls had to stay behind, along with her dreams of dancing in the grandeur of the Stratford Hotel. In the backseat, with Willey perched on her lap, Vanese Sims wept.
Vanese Sims 和她的家人匆忙进入父亲的黑色福特汽车，跟着许多其他车辆一道向北开出城镇，逃避暴力事件。她心心念念的完美礼服、鞋子和闪闪发光的珍珠只好留在原地，连同她在斯特拉福德酒店舞蹈的梦想也一同破灭了。在后座上，Vanese Sims 抱着 Willey 哭泣。
The Sims family was able to get out of town to safety that night, but that wasn't the case for many Greenwood residents. Some who had been watching a movie at the Dreamland Theatre walked out into the street when the film ended and found themselves inexplicably being shot at. But only some of the white mob had come to Greenwood. Others had run back to their home from the courthouse to pick up weapons. Others were scraging guns from downtown Tulsa hardware stores, pawn shops and even the police station.
那晚，辛普斯一家得以逃出镇子，但对于许多格林伍德居民来说并非如此。一些在梦之地电影院看电影的人在电影结束时走出街道，却莫名其妙地遭遇枪击。但并非所有白人暴徒都来到了格林伍德。一些人从法院跑回家里拿武器，另一些则在市区的五金店、当铺甚至警察局里搜刮枪支。
In downtown Tulsa, in Greenwood's business district, and here and there on residential streets throughout Greenwood, it was chaos. Just after the pistol shot at the courthouse that marked the beginning of the rioting, Columbus Gabe, the soon-to-be Tulsa police officer, had gone back out onto the streets to see what was happening. He wanted to do whatever he could to keep the peace. He soon realized how impossible that was.
在塔尔萨市中心，格林伍德商业区以及格林伍德各个居民区的街道上，都是一片混乱。起义开始，警局的手枪声刚刚响起，即将成为塔尔萨警察的哥伦布·盖布回到街上，看看正在发生什么。他想尽可能维持和平。但他很快意识到这是不可能的。
Hearing a shot, Gabe saw a man fall. Terrified to be out in the open, he began running as fast as he could. Several Greenwood residents were taking cover in a big metal boiler and Gabe hid behind it. White men were hunted down in the Frisco train depot on the border between the white and black sections of town. A white person would shoot toward Greenwood and someone hiding in the boiler would shoot back. Soon the ting of bullets hitting metal was coming off. Intermittently Gabe heard someone yell, run out from the depot or the boiler and pick up an injured man.
听到枪声，盖布看到一个人倒下了。他害怕暴露在外，开始尽可能快地奔跑。几个格林伍德居民躲在一个大的金属锅炉里，盖布躲在它后面。白人在弗里斯科火车站被追逐，这里是镇上白人和黑人区域之间的边界。一个白人朝着格林伍德开枪，一个躲在锅炉里的人会回敬枪击。很快金属撞击的声音就传来了。隔断时间，盖布听到有人喊叫，从车站或锅炉中跑出来，拿起一个受伤的人。
In the midst of this standoff, Gabe saw one white woman lean out of the window of a car, point a weapon at an unarmed black man in the street and shoot him. Hearing enough Gabe ran toward his home. As he did, he saw white men on Boston Street in Greenwood, holding lighted torches aloft. They were heading toward two vacant shacks that sat near the train tracks and set them on fire. Later Gabe would realize that this was just the beginning of the burning.
在这次僵局中，加布看到一名白人女子从汽车窗户伸出来，对着街上一名手无寸铁的黑人男子指着武器并开枪。加布听够了后向家跑去。他跑的时候看到格林伍德的波士顿街上有些白人男子高举着点着火把走来。他们正向靠近铁路轨道的两个空置的棚屋走去，并点燃了它们。后来，加布意识到这只是燃烧的开始。
At midnight the fire department arrived to put out the fires, but the white mob, guns drawn, wouldn't let them. The fire fires left and came back an hour later. By then the first shack had burnt to the ground, but the second was still standing. Once again the mob threatened the firefighters away from the fire and the roaring flames continued to burn.
在半夜里，消防队员赶到灭火，但是举枪的白人暴徒不愿意让他们进去。消防员离开了，一个小时后回来。这时第一个小屋已经被烧成了灰烬，但是第二个仍然屹立不倒。暴徒再一次威胁消防员远离火灾，熊熊的大火继续燃烧着。
In the deep Greenwood business district, three to four hundred black men were roaming around armed with whatever they could get, guns, stick stones. People, mostly black, began following the street, dying where they lay. But soon some order began to be imposed. As the black veterans realized they were in a war, a battle that felt familiar.
在深谷商业区，大约有三四百名黑人男子手持各种武器游荡，有枪械、棍棒和石块等。人们，主要是黑人，开始沿街走去，倒在街道上死去。但很快就开始有一些秩序得到强制执行。随着黑人退伍军人意识到他们正在进行一场战争，一场似曾相识的战斗就开始了。
As they had in France, they took up defensive positions in buildings along the railroad tracks. In the bell-free of the just-completed Mount Zion Baptist Church in their homes, more former soldiers donned their uniforms, even their helmets, and they pulled out weapons they brought home from the war, aiming their long-range winchesters at the riders. They were fighting fiercely, giving as good as they got. They would later say that until the events of the following day they were winning.
和在法国时一样，他们在铁路边的建筑物内占据了防御性的姿势。在刚刚完成的锡安山浸信会教堂和他们的家里，更多的退伍军人穿上了制服，甚至戴上了头盔，他们拿出了从战争中带回家的武器，用长程温彻斯特枪瞄准了骑手。他们在激烈地战斗，努力地反击。他们后来会说，在随后的一天之前，他们一直在获胜。
Still as the night wore on, Greenwood men were driven back into their neighborhood until finally the fighting was confined there. By midnight a new intention of the armed mob became clear to trap black Tulsons in their neighborhood and kill as many as they could, and not just men, but women, children, old people. Sixty to seventy white drivers fell into an organized line that began driving slowly and menacingly around the circumference of Greenwood.
夜深了，格林伍德的人被逼回自己的社区，最终战斗局限于那里。到午夜，武装暴徒的新意图变得明显，他们要困住黑人图尔森人在他们的社区里，尽可能杀死尽可能多的人，不仅是男人，还有妇女、儿童和老人。有六十到七十个白人驾驶员排成队伍，开始缓慢而威胁性地绕着格林伍德的周长行驶。
And as May 31st ended and the new day began, the sound of gunfire rattled through the streets. Some Greenwoods men continued to defend their neighborhood, even as others and their families fled to the small towns to the north, some grabbing whatever possessions they could, others leaving barefoot with nothing. They'd all assumed they'd come back, probably within hours, or days, some were right. The war never returned.
当5月31日结束，新的一天开始时，枪声在街上响起。一些格林伍德的男人继续保卫自己的社区，有些人和家人逃到了北部的小镇，有些人拿了他们能拿到的所有物品，有些人却一无所有赤脚逃离。他们都认为他们会回来的，可能只需要几个小时或几天，一些人是对的。这场战争再也没有回来。
Next on American history tellers, former soldiers tried to defend Greenwood against white Tulsons armed with torches, machine guns, and airplanes. The life of the best black surgeon in the country is threatened, and thousands of African Americans are sent to internment camps while city leaders plan their next moves. Some wonder this is American history tellers.
接下来在美国历史故事中，前士兵试图用火炬、机枪和飞机武装的白人特尔松人保护格林伍德，最好的黑人外科医生的生命受到威胁，成千上万的非裔美国人被送到拘留营中，而城市领导者们则策划着他们的下一步行动。有人怀疑这是否是美国历史的讲述者。
American history tellers is hosted, edited and produced by me, Lindsey Graham for Airship, sound designed by Derek Barons. This episode is written by Elaine Ableton Grant, edited by Dorian Marina, edited and produced by Jenny Lauer Pacman. Our executive producer is Marshall Louis, created by her non-loaf person for wondering.
这个节目是由我Lindsey Graham为Airship主持、编辑和制作的，音效设计是Derek Barons。本集内容由Elaine Ableton Grant编写，Dorian Marina编辑，Jenny Lauer Pacman编辑和制作。我们的执行制片人是Marshall Louis，由她的非游荡人员为wondering创建。