Hawaiʻi's Journey to Statehood | Waves of Change | 3
发布时间 2023-04-05 07:01:00 来源
摘要
After Hawai’i became a U.S. Territory in 1900, tourism to the islands exploded. Luxury steamships brought tourists eager to buy fashionable Hawaiian shirts, try their hand at surfing, and stay at fancy hotels that began to dot the beach at Waikiki. The U.S. military expanded its presence, too – bringing thousands of sailors and soldiers to the islands. But as tourism transformed the economy, Native Hawaiians became further marginalized. Then a sensational murder case exposed the dark underside of race and class divisions in Hawai’i’s changing society.Listen ad free with Wondery+. Join Wondery+ for exclusives, binges, early access, and ad free listening. Available in the Wondery App. https://wondery.app.link/historytellersSupport us by supporting our sponsors!See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.
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嘿，会员们。你们可以在亚马逊音乐上免费收听“美国历史讲述者”。今天就下载该应用程序。
Imagine it's May 1907. You're sitting beneath a gnarled limbs of a high-biscuit tree near the Moana Hotel on Honolulu's Waikiki Beach. You're taking a break from swimming and surfing with your fellow beach boys. One of them strums an ukulele as gentle waves lap against the sand.
想象一下，现在是1907年5月份。你坐在火奴鲁鲁威基基海滩的莫阿纳酒店附近一棵扭曲树枝的高饼树下休息，和海滩男孩们一起游泳冲浪。其中一个人弹着尤克里里，轻柔的海浪拍打沙滩声伴随着。
Down the beach away, walking towards you from the pier outside the hotel is a white couple, sandy and sunbird. The woman holds a parasol overhead, and the man is wearing black swim trunks and dirty white socks, carrying a short wooden board.
在海滩的那边，从酒店外的码头朝你走来一个白人情侣，他们都沙发沙发的，布满了阳光。女人举着遮阳伞，男人穿着黑色泳裤和脏兮兮的白袜子，手里拿着一块短木板。
When he approaches, he greets you with a smile. Hello there, hi. My name's Jack, and this is my wife, Charmian. I heard you're the man I should talk to if I want to learn surf riding. Well welcome to our beach, Loha. You want to ride our waves. Yes, friend, I do.
当他走近时，他会微笑着向你打招呼。嗨，你好。我叫杰克，这是我的妻子查尔米恩。我听说你就是我要学习冲浪的人。欢迎来到我们的海滩，洛哈。你想要冲浪我们的海浪。是的，朋友，我想这样做。
We met a man named Ford yesterday, and he tells us you're the best surf rider in all Hawaii. Can you teach me? Well, I'm not on that piece of driftwood, I can't. You need a man's size board. Come with me.
昨天我们遇到一个叫福特的人，他告诉我们你是夏威夷最好的冲浪手。你能教我吗？哦，我可不会在那块漂木上冲浪，你需要一块男人大小的冲浪板。跟我来吧。
The man's wife sits and listens to your friends play songs on the ukulele while you lead him down to where you stack your surfboards on the beach. To give him a 10-foot wooden board that you carved by hand. Here, this seems more your size.
那位男子的妻子坐着，听着你的朋友在沙滩上弹奏尤克里里唱歌，而你则带着他走向你在海滩上垛起冲浪板的地方。你要给他一块自己动手雕刻的10英尺长的木板。这里，这块看起来更加适合你。
The man studies the board, admiring the grain of the wood. This is beautiful. Tell me, you get many white men like me coming down here for lessons? No, not many, but they have been coming for a long time now. Like Mark Twain. Yes, he was one of the first, long before I was born. They say he never got the hang of it though. Well, I'm a rider too, you know. I'm determined to learn nothing against Mr. Twain, of course.
这位男士正在研究着这块木板，赞赏着木头上的纹理，真的很美。告诉我，像我这样的白人经常来这里学习吗？不，不是很多，但他们早就已经开始来了，就像马克·吐温。是的，他是最早来的之一，比我出生得还要早。他们说他从来没有真正掌握它。好吧，我也是骑手。我一定要学会，但绝不反对吐温先生。
You take a closer look at the man. Write her, huh? He names Jack? Any chance you're Jack London? I read about your boat in the papers. It said you were lost at sea. Well, yeah, that's me. But you can't believe everything you read. My wife and I left San Francisco about a month ago. Just arrived yesterday. Our little boat, yeah, it took on some water, but she got us here safely. Long glad you made it.
你仔细地看着那个人，说到：她，嗯？他叫杰克？你是杰克·伦敦吗？我在报纸上看到了你的船，说你曾在海上迷失了方向。是的，那就是我。但你不能相信你读到的一切。我和我的妻子大约一个月前离开了旧金山，昨天才到达这里。我们的小船确实漏水了，但她让我们平安到达了这里。很高兴你安全到达。
As for surf riding, you should know it's not as easy as it may look. But if you really want to learn, I can teach you. I've been doing it my whole life.
关于冲浪，你应该知道它并没有看起来那么简单。但是如果你真的想学，我可以教你。我一直都在冲浪，已经有整整一生了。
I'm excited to learn. Watching these men out there on the surf, gliding over the waves, cutting through the water, but with such grace, I tell you, you look like kings out there. Not much royalty left around here, I'm afraid. Ah, no, I suppose not. Terrible stuff, that. My wife is meeting the former queen tomorrow, actually. What they did to her back in 93. You people have been treated just the same as the North American Indian, I tell you.
我超兴奋地学习。看着这些人冲浪，滑过海浪，切破水面，却如此优雅，我告诉你，你们在那里看起来像国王。这里没剩多少王室了，我担心。啊，不，我想不是。那真是可怕的事情。我的妻子明天实际上会见前女王。他们在93年对她做的事情。我告诉你们，你们被像北美印第安人一样对待。
Well, I don't know about all that. What I do know is the ocean and the waves. So let's see how long we can keep you upright, now that you have a proper board. You grab your 16-foot board made of coa wood, and wait out into the surf. Jack London waves to his wife, and splashes in after you.
我不太清楚那些事情。但我很熟悉海洋和浪潮。现在你有了一块合适的冲浪板，我们来看看你能保持多长时间直立吧。你拿起那块16英尺长的檀木板步入海浪中。杰克·伦敦向他的妻子挥手，然后跟着你冲入海水中。
You're happy to give these lessons to the occasional tourists, especially someone famous like Jack. Someone who can spread the word about your culture and traditions. Just with more and more hotels going up along this beach, it feels like your people are being squeezed out.
你很高兴向偶尔来旅游的游客授课，尤其是像杰克这样著名的人士。他可以宣传你们的文化和传统。但是，随着越来越多的酒店沿着这条海滩拔地而起，感觉你们的人民正在被挤压。
But maybe if more Americans learn about surf riding, it will help you preserve your shrinking community, and you'll still be able to call these beaches your own.
也许如果更多的美国人了解冲浪运动，就能帮助你们保护你们萎缩的社区，你们仍然可以称这些海滩为你们自己的。
Even the Rich is a podcast from Wondery that tells the jaw-dropping stories about the tumultuous lives of the world's elite, from the greatest family dynasties to pop culture superstars. Listen to even the Rich on Amazon Music or wherever you get your podcasts.
《即使富人》是Wondery制作的播客节目，讲述世界精英阶层动荡人生的令人瞠目结舌的故事，涵盖最伟大的家族王朝和流行文化巨星。您可以在Amazon Music或任何您获取播客的平台上收听《即使富人》。
Hi, I'm Sarah Haggy, co-host of Wondery's podcast Scample Insers. In our recent two-part series, Three Weddings and a Funeral, we dive into the story of a German con man who built an entire life on fake names, lies, and schemes, and the unlikely true-kind twist that brought this decades-long charade crashing down. Listen to Scample Insers on Amazon Music or wherever you get your podcasts.
嗨，我是莎拉·哈吉，Wondery播客《飞书》（Scample Insers）的联合主持人。在我们最近的两集系列《三个婚礼和一场葬礼》中，我们深入探讨了一个德国骗子的故事，他基于假名字、谎言和计划建立了整个的生活，以及这个长达数十年的骗局最终崩溃的意外真相转折。在Amazon Music或您收听播客的任何地方收听Scample Insers。
From Wondery, I'm Lindsay Graham, and this is American History Tellers, Our History, Your Story.
我是Lindsay Graham，来自Wondery，这里是《美国历史故事》，记录我们的历史，述说你的故事。
Here Hawaii became a US territory in 1900. Americans began to hear more about the island's exotic attractions, its food, music, and a sport called surf riding. Celebrities like author Jack London came to the island hoping to take lessons from men like surfing pioneer Duke Hanamoku, who grew up on Waikiki Beach.
夏威夷在1900年成为美国领土。美国人开始听到更多关于夏威夷岛的异国情调、美食、音乐和一项被称为冲浪的运动。像作家杰克·伦敦这样的名人来到这个岛屿，希望向冲浪先驱杜克·汉纳莫库等人学习，他们在威基基海滩长大。
The influential men who pushed for this boom and tourism were the same ones who had helped overthrow Hawaii's queen in 1893. They owned sugar plantations, or ran one of the so-called big five corporations that had come to dominate Hawaii's economy. To expand their empires and supplement the island's sugar and pineapple economy, they built passenger ships and hotels and aggressively promoted Hawaii as a tourist-friendly tropical paradise. In time, the US military would expand its presence too.
推动夏威夷经济繁荣和旅游业发展的有影响力的男人们，正是同年1893年帮助推翻夏威夷女王的人。
他们拥有甘蔗种植园，或经营所谓的五大企业之一，这些企业成为了夏威夷经济的主导。为了扩大自己的帝国并补充这个岛屿的甘蔗和菠萝经济，他们建立了客船和酒店，并积极宣传夏威夷是一个适合旅游的热带天堂。随着时间的推移，美国军队也扩大了在夏威夷的存在。
Thousands of sailors and soldiers came to the islands, but their growing numbers led to tensions with locals and eventually to a murder trial that made headlines around the world. This is Episode 3, Waves of Change.
成千上万的水手和士兵来到这些岛屿，但他们越来越多的人数引发了与当地人的紧张局势，最终导致了一场在全球引起轰动的谋杀审判。这就是第三集，变革的浪潮。
At the end of the 19th century, Waikiki was a sleepy village of dirt roads, grasslots, and a few small hotels, three miles southeast of downtown Honolulu. Much of the land had once been a vacation spot for Hawaiian royalty, a place for kings and queens and their families to escape Iolani Palace and enjoy the cool ocean breeze.
19世纪末期，威基基是一片僻静村庄，有着土路、草地和少数几家小旅馆，距离檀香山市中心东南方向约3英里。许多土地曾经是夏威夷王室的度假胜地，供国王和王后以及他们的家人逃离伊奥拉尼皇宫，享受凉爽的海风。
When Hawaii became a US territory at the turn of the century, the same American lawyers and businessmen who had overthrown Queen Liliokalani turned their attention to Waikiki and began transforming it into a tourist destination for wealthy Americans. One of their leaders was Lauren Thurston, who had helped orchestrate the coup against the Queen.
当夏威夷在世纪之交成为美国领土时，曾颠覆莉乔卡兰尼皇后的美国律师和商人们将注意力转向了威基基，并开始将其改造为富有美国人的旅游目的地。他们的其中一位领袖是劳伦·瑟斯顿（Lauren Thurston），他曾帮助策划了针对女王的政变。
Thurston founded the Hawaiian Bureau of Information to promote the islands in American newspapers and magazines. In 1903, with $15,000 from the territorial legislature, he launched a broader marketing campaign to lure visitors, investors, and new residents. One of his favorite phrases was Hawaii for health, pleasure, and profit.
瑟斯顿创立了夏威夷信息局，旨在通过美国报纸和杂志推广这些岛屿。1903年，在地方立法机构资助的15,000美元支持下，他发起了更广泛的营销活动来吸引游客、投资者和新居民。他最喜欢的口号之一是“夏威夷为健康、乐趣和利润而生”。
In 1906, Thurston's Bureau of Information rebranded itself as the Hawaiian Promotion Committee and hired Thomas Edison's Moving Picture Company to film surf riders at Waikiki and other tropical scenes. These short films would appear in theaters across the United States, Canada, and Europe.
1906年，瑟斯顿信息局重新品牌为夏威夷促进委员会，并聘请汤姆·爱迪生的移动影像公司在威基基拍摄冲浪者和其他热带风景。这些短片将在美国、加拿大和欧洲的影院播出。
The committee also hired Alexander Hume Ford, a world traveler and journalist from South Carolina, who had become a champion of all things Hawaiian, especially Waikiki. Ford wrote numerous articles for the committee, extolling the virtues of Hawaii, especially for white entrepreneurs and investors. He once described the islands as a land of opportunity for the quick, courageous white man. And after learning to surf from Hawaiians, Ford created his own surf club, the Outrigger Canoe Club, but closed its membership to exclude non-whites.
委员会还雇用了来自南卡罗来纳州的世界旅行家兼记者亚历山大·休姆·福特，他成为了一切夏威夷事物的支持者，特别是威基基。福特为委员会写了许多文章，赞美夏威夷的优点，尤其是针对白人企业家和投资者。他曾经将这些岛屿描述为一个快速、勇敢的白人的机会之地。在从夏威夷人那里学习冲浪后，福特创建了自己的冲浪俱乐部——Outrigger Canoe Club，但关门拒绝非白人成员。
And then, in 1907, in a hotel on Waikiki Beach, Ford encouraged the American writer Jack London to try surfing. London and his wife, Charmion, had sailed to a Wahoo from San Francisco, via by the writings of Mark Twain, who had himself traveled to Hawaii in 1866. During their visit, London and his wife met the deposed Queen Liliokalani.
然后在1907年，在瓦伊基基海滩的一家旅馆里，福特鼓励美国作家杰克·伦敦尝试冲浪。伦敦和他的妻子查米恩，乘船从旧金山前往夏威夷，被马克·吐温的作品折服，而吐温本人则于1866年前往夏威夷旅行。在他们的访问中，伦敦和他的妻子遇到了被废黜的女王莉莉乌卡兰尼。
Charmion was saddened by what she would later describe as the Queen's cold hatred of everything American. Jack would compare the overthrow of the monarchy to the morally indefensible subjugation and slaughter of Native American Indians. But London was fascinated by surfing. His depictions of the surfers at Waikiki appeared in US magazines and later in a book about his Hawaiian travels. He created an enduring image of the surfer as a godlike athlete, buried to his loins and smoking spray caught up by the sea and flung landward, living life as the best of us may live it.
查尔米恩因后来描述女王对一切美国事物的冷漠令她感到悲伤。杰克会将君主政体的推翻与道德上不可接受的对土著美洲印第安人的征服和屠杀进行比较。但伦敦对冲浪着迷。他描绘了威基基冲浪者的形象出现在美国杂志上，并随后出版了一本关于他在夏威夷旅行的书。他创造了一个永恒的形象，将冲浪者描绘成一个类似神一样的运动员，埋入裆部，冒着被大海卷起的喷雾冲向陆地，生活得像我们中最好的人一样。
These portrayals captured the public's imagination and lured more curious tourists to the islands. But at the time of London's visit, only a handful of Hawaiian still practiced surf riding. The sport had been nearly snuffed out by Christian missionaries who came to the islands beginning in the 1820s and pressured natives to give up their language and traditions.
这些描绘激发了公众想象力，吸引了更多好奇的游客到这些岛屿。但是，在伦敦访问的那个时候，只有少数夏威夷人仍在练习冲浪。该运动几乎被从19世纪20年代开始到达岛屿的基督教传教士扼杀，他们施压原住民放弃语言和传统。
The man credited with reviving surfing and bringing it to the masses was Duke Kahana Moku, who met Jack London in 1907. Kahana Moku had been born in 1890, a few blocks from the Royal Palace. After the Queen was deposed, his family moved from downtown to Honolulu to Waikiki, living in a few small cottages on a three-acre parcel that had been granted to them by the Royal family. The beach was just a short walk away and their lives were tied deeply to the sea where they fished, swam and surfed.
夏威夷冲浪运动的复兴者和推广者是杜克·卡哈纳·莫库，他于1907年与杰克·伦敦相遇。卡哈纳·莫库出生于1890年，在皇家宫殿几个街区的地方。在女王被废黜后，他的家人从市中心搬到了檀香山的威基基，住在一个三英亩的地块上，这个地块是皇室赐予他们的。海滩只是一个短短的步行路程，他们的生活深深地与海洋纠缠在一起，他们捕鱼、游泳和冲浪。
Kahana Moku was a powerful swimmer who competed at the 1912, 1920 and 1924 Olympic Games. But it was his first gold medal in the 1912 Olympics competing in Stockholm, Sweden that first made him a phenomenon. Lauren Thurston, sensing another promotional opportunity, spearheaded a fundraiser to pay for Kahana Moku's training and travels. And when Kahana Moku won gold in the 100-meter freestyle, Thurston called it the perfect advertising scheme that would bring more positive attention to the islands.
Kahana Moku是一位强大的游泳选手，参加了1912年、1920年和1924年的奥运会。但是，他在1912年斯德哥尔摩奥运会上获得的第一枚金牌使他成为一个现象。劳伦·瑟斯顿意识到这是另一个推广机会，她发起了一次筹款活动，为Kahana Moku的训练和旅行支付费用。当Kahana Moku在100米自由泳比赛中获得金牌时，瑟斯顿称它是完美的广告计划，会为夏威夷带来更多正面关注。
The Hawaiian Promotion Committee then financed a global tour for Kahana Moku. His surfing demonstrations at beaches in New Jersey, Australia, and Southern California helped export Hawaii's homegrown sport. But every time Kahana Moku returned home, more buildings had sprung up, marring his beachside village and looming over his surf spots.
夏威夷推广委员会随后为卡哈纳·莫库（Kahana Moku）筹措了全球巡回演出的资金。他在新泽西州、澳大利亚和南加州海滩的冲浪演示帮助出口了夏威夷本土的运动。但是，每次卡哈纳·莫库回到家乡，更多的建筑物已经出现，破坏了他海边村庄的景象，并盖在他的冲浪点上方。
Into the 1920s, parts of Waikiki and other areas of Oahu were demolished to make way for hotels, office buildings and apartments. Waikiki wetlands and ancient fishponds were drained to create space for an expanded military base. Some residents, mostly native Hawaiians, were evicted to make way for the new development and ended up living in a homeless camp called Squatter'sville.
到了20世纪20年代，为了建酒店、办公楼和公寓，夏威夷的威基基和其他地区的一部分被拆除。威基基湿地和古代鱼池被排干，为一个扩建的军事基地腾出了空间。一些居民，大多数是夏威夷土著居民，被驱逐出去让新的开发项目顺利进行，最终居住在一个名为“流浪汇”的无家可归者营地中。
Then in 1926, construction crews broke ground on a piece of Waikiki land considered sacred to native Hawaiians. As usual, the powerful forces behind big sugar were involved. The newest attraction would be known as the Royal Hawaiian Hotel, but to some locals, it was an omen of their disappearing way of life.
1926年，建筑工人在瓦基基一块被夏威夷本土人视为神圣的土地上开工。像往常一样，背后支配大糖业的强大势力参与其中。这个最新的景点将被称为皇家夏威夷酒店，但对一些当地人来说，它是他们消失的生活方式的预兆。
The Royal Hawaiian Band Imagine its February 1st, 1927, opening night at the Royal Hawaiian Hotel on Waikiki Beach. You're the head of the company that built the hotel, the largest to ever rise above the prize beach front. And tonight, you're standing nervously in the lobby, awaiting the arrival of more than a thousand guests.
皇家夏威夷乐队简直让人难以想象，现在是1927年2月1日，在瓦基基海滩的皇家夏威夷酒店开幕之夜。你是建造这家酒店的公司负责人，这也是有史以来建在这个美丽海滩前的最大酒店。今晚，你站在大厅里紧张地等待着1000多名客人的到来。
The Royal Hawaiian Band starts playing as women and grass skirts put flowery lays around each guest neck. In the crowd, you spot your most important VIP, Princess Abigail Kawanana-Koa, a descendant of the former king. You adjust your bow tie and walk over to pay your respects.
皇家夏威夷乐队开始演奏，女士们穿着草裙子，将花环挂在每个客人的脖子上。在人群中，你看到了你最重要的贵宾，阿比盖尔·卡瓦南科阿公主，前国王的后代。你调整了一下领结，走过去向她致敬。
Princess Abigail, good evening. Welcome to the Royal Hawaiian.
公主阿比盖尔，晚上好。欢迎来到夏威夷皇家。
Good evening, sir. And who are you?
晚上好，先生。您是谁呢？
I guess you could say I'm the brains behind this hotel. My company built it. We own the Molana Hotel next door as well.
我想你可以说我是这家酒店的幕后策划者。我的公司建造了它。我们还拥有隔壁的莫兰纳酒店。
Also, you're with Matsum, the shipping company that's now in the hotel
此外，你现在跟着松本一起，他们是那家现在在酒店里的货运公司。
This afternoon, the Princess led a reenactment of King Kamehameha's landing at Waikiki in 1794. Spear-toting men in loincloths acted as chiefs and warriors, paddling their canoes ashore to commemorate the King's campaign to unify the Hawaiian Islands.
今天下午，公主主持了一次在威基基重新演绎1794年坎美哈美亚国王登陆的活动。穿着腰布的持矛男子扮演了首领和战士的角色，划着独木舟上岸，纪念国王统一夏威夷群岛的战役。
But the Princess shrugs off your compliment and casts a haughty gaze around the lobby.
但公主不屑于你的夸奖，向大厅扔了一个傲慢的眼神。
Yes, since this hotel is built on Royal Land, I felt it was important to remind people of our history. Interesting that you chose to name this place, the Royal Hawaiian.
是的，由于这家酒店建在皇家土地上，我觉得提醒人们我们的历史是很重要的。有趣的是你选择把这个地方命名为皇家夏威夷酒店。
Well, why yes, we chose the hotel's name to honor your people in the land. Just as Martaine referred to this spot as the King's Grove, our advertising man, a colliet, the beach of kings. I think that's beautiful.
嗯，是的，我们选择了这家酒店的名字，为了向您们的土地里的人民致敬。就像马塔因称这个地方为国王林一样，我们的广告人员，一个科利耶，称这片海滩为国王的海滩。我觉得这很美。
It was beautiful. When King Kamehameha lived here, this area was known as hella moa. The King's chief served those waters out there. And did you know Waikiki in my language means spouting waters?
这里真美。当Kamehameha国王住在这儿的时候，这片区域被称为hella moa。国王的大臣服务于那边的水域。你知道吗，Waikiki在我的语言中意为喷水？
No, no, I didn't. I'm afraid I don't know much about your language. Not many people do these days. Here's another word for you. Anahal. It means cool land. It was the name of my family summer home. The Queen lived there after they deposed her. The house sat where the bungalows of your Moana hotel were built.
不，不，我没有。恐怕我对你们的语言不是很了解，现在的人也没有几个人了解。这里还有一个词给你们，Anahal。它的意思是“酷地”。这是我家的夏季别墅的名字。女王在被废黜后住在那里。房子坐落在你们的莫阿纳酒店的平房建筑的位置。
This conversation is starting to make you uncomfortable. You glance around the lobby at other guests looking for an escape.
这个对话让你开始感到不舒服了。你环顾大堂，寻找一种逃离的方式。
Well, I'm sorry, Princess, I don't know much about that. What I do know is that Waikiki is a beautiful place. And we're trying to create a welcoming resort for visitors who want to experience Hawaii for themselves.
嗯，抱歉，公主，我对那方面不是很了解。但我知道，威基基是一个美丽的地方。我们正在为想要体验夏威夷之美的游客创造一个热情好客的度假胜地。
Visitors. And by visitors, you mean white people, of course. Howlies. Meanwhile, hotels like this are putting my people out on the street.
访客？当然是指白人呀，怀利人。与此同时，像这样的酒店正在把我们族人赶到街上。
Well, forgive me, Princess. But I see a hotel manager over there and he seems to need my help. So if you excuse me, I hope you enjoy your evening.
嗯，对不起，公主殿下。但是我看到那边有个酒店经理似乎需要我的帮助。所以请您见谅，希望您今晚过得愉快。
You leave the princess standing in the lobby, surrounded by the surging crowd of well-dressed partners. In some ways, you admire her, a living symbol of the old Hawaii, a place you've come to love and appreciate. What your magnificent hotel represents the new Hawaii. And as far as your concern, there's no turning back the clock.
你把公主留在大堂里，被穿着整齐的同伴涌动着围着。在某些方面，你欣赏她，她是古老夏威夷的活生生象征，这是你所爱和欣赏的地方。而你辉煌的酒店代表着新的夏威夷。就你的关心而言，时光不会倒流。
The opening of the Royal Hawaiian Hotel in February 1927 was a landmark event for Waikiki and in the history of Hawaiian tourism. But for some, Hawaii's first world-class luxury hotel came at the cost of the local community.
1927年2月，皇家夏威夷酒店的开业对于威基基和夏威夷旅游业的历史来说是一个里程碑事件。但对于一些人来说，夏威夷第一家世界级豪华酒店的建立是以当地社区为代价的。
The hotel was built on 12 acres, least from descendants of King Kamehameha, property known as the Bishop Estate. The $4 million six-story hotel had 400 rooms and loomed above the narrow beach. With its bright pink stucco facade, it became known as the Pink Palace.
这家酒店建在12英亩的土地上，最起初是从卡梅哈大王的后裔手中买下的房产，也就是所谓的比绍普庄园。这个耗资400万美元，6层高的酒店有400个房间，高高耸立在那个狭窄的海滩上方。由于外观粉色灰泥的明亮，它成为了粉色宫殿的代名词。
The opening night banquet was packed with hundreds of guests and gowns and tuxedos. Hula dancers and Hawaiian singers provided entertainment and the party lasted until 2 a.m. The next day's headlines gushed, world comes to Honolulu at opening, and a low-haw spirit hovers over great palace.
开幕晚宴上，数百名宾客身着礼服和燕尾服，场面热闹非凡。夏威夷舞者和歌手呈现出精彩的表演，派对一直持续到凌晨两点。第二天的头条甚至感叹：全世界来到了火奴鲁鲁，伟大的宫殿上漂浮着低调的夏威夷精神。
Lauren Thurston's paper, The Honolulu advertiser, praised the hotel as kaleidoscopic and fantasmagoric. His competition, The Honolulu Star Bulletin, published an 80-page souvenir edition that lingered over every detail of the property.
劳伦·瑟斯顿的论文《檀香山广告》称赞这家酒店为万花筒般的奇妙和幻像般的。他的竞争对手《檀香山星标报》刊登了一本80页的纪念版，详细介绍了酒店的每一个细节。
The first registered hotel guest was Princess Abigail Kuanana-Koa, a descendant of Hawaiian nobility and also the daughter of a powerful Irish-American sugar-baron, James Campbell, but her father had been loyal to the monarchy and married into the royal family. The princess was an active champion of workers' rights and advocated to protect Native Hawaiian culture and history. At the time, she was considering a run for Hawaiian delegate to Congress, but she did not have high regard for the new hotel.
第一个在登记酒店的客人是阿比盖尔·夸那那·科亚公主，她是夏威夷贵族的后裔，也是强大的爱尔兰裔美国糖业巨头詹姆斯·坎贝尔的女儿，但她的父亲忠于君主制，并娶入皇室家族。这位公主是工人权利的积极捍卫者，并倡导保护夏威夷原住民文化和历史。当时，她考虑参加夏威夷代表参加国会的竞选，但她对这个新酒店并不看好。
The brainchild of Ed Tenney, head of the Mattson navigation company, which for decades had been transporting sugar and supplies between Hawaii and California. But after Hawaii became a US territory, Mattson expanded into passenger service and built some of the largest and fastest ocean liners in the Pacific. Its regular service from San Francisco and Los Angeles to Honolulu delivered many thousands of tourists to the islands. And their brand-new royal Hawaiian hotel was also a success.
这是以Ed Tenney为首的Mattson航行公司的构想，几十年来一直在夏威夷和加利福尼亚之间运输糖和物资。然而，在夏威夷成为美国领土后，Mattson扩展到客运服务，并建造了一些在太平洋中最大和最快的海洋船。从旧金山和洛杉矶到火奴鲁鲁的定期服务为岛屿带来了数千游客。他们全新的皇家夏威夷酒店也相当成功。
Tenney's lavish tropical fantasy helped bring more than 20,000 tourists to Oahu in 1928 alone. But its luxurious amenities only highlighted a growing economic disparity in cultural polarization that was dividing Hawaii along racial lines. And soon, the Great Depression would exacerbate those divides. But it would be a racially charged criminal case that finally shattered the island's tourist-friendly image.
Tenney的奢华热带幻想游乐场在1928年仅仅就已经吸引了超过二万名游客来到瓦胡岛。然而，这些豪华设施只是突显了种族文化分歧让夏威夷越来越不平等的经济局面。而且很快，大萧条就会加剧这些分歧。但最终破坏了这个岛屿友善形象的是一个带有种族色彩的刑事案件。
Over the first quarter of the 20th century, Hawaii underwent a dramatic demographic shift. The development of hotels, restaurants, and other tourism-related businesses fueled a growing service economy, which attracted a multicultural mix of workers. Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, and Portuguese workers from the sugar and pineapple plantations made their way into Honolulu and other cities, like Hilo on the big island of Hawaii and Lahaina on Maui. They started small businesses, raised families, and created schools, social clubs, and churches. A new middle class began to rise, and with it a new multiracial Hawaiian culture.
在20世纪第一季度期间，夏威夷经历了一次惊人的人口变迁。酒店、餐厅及其他旅游相关业务的发展推动了不断增长的服务经济，吸引了多元文化的工人。来自甘蔗和菠萝种植园的日本、华人、菲律宾和葡萄牙工人来到檀香山和其他城市，如夏威夷岛的希洛和茂宜岛的拉海纳。他们开设小企业，建立家庭，创建学校、社交俱乐部和教堂。一个新的中产阶级开始崛起，伴随着一个新的多元种族的夏威夷文化。
By the end of the 1920s, three fourths of Hawaii's population was non-white, a mix of Japanese, Filipino, Chinese, and Portuguese. Although full-blooded native Hawaiians accounted for just 15% of the population, many more were mixed race. Interracial marriages were common in Hawaii, even as many US states had laws banning such unions. And since the overthrow of the queen, Hawaii's population had more than doubled to a quarter million. And during that time, it became the most racially and culturally diverse place in the United States.
到了20世纪末，夏威夷人口的四分之三都是非白人，其中包括日本人、菲律宾人、华人和葡萄牙人。尽管全血统的夏威夷本土居民仅占人口的15％，但混血人口更多。在夏威夷，跨种族婚姻很普遍，而很多美国州则禁止这种结合。自女王被废黜以来，夏威夷的人口已经翻了一番，达到了25万。在此期间，夏威夷成为美国最具种族和文化多样性的地方。
The largest ethnic group was Japanese, accounting for four in ten islanders. They led the shift from farms to cities, leaving the plantations to open small businesses like restaurants, grocery stores, barbershops, bakeries, and pool halls. One such entrepreneur was Chitaro Miyamoto, who came to Honolulu in 1899 to open a tailor shop on King Street in Honolulu's Chinatown. He called it Musashiya, a derivation of the name of his home province in Japan. When Miyamoto died, the eldest of his two sons, Koichi Rō, took over. By then, the shop was known as Musashiya the shirtmaker, and it would contribute to the birth of Hawaii's best known fashion export.
最大的族群是日本人，占该岛居民的四分之一。他们引领了从农场到城市的转移，将种植园留给了开设小型企业，例如餐馆、杂货店、理发店、面包店和台球房。其中一个成功创业者是宫本千太郎，他于1899年来到檀香山，在檀香山唐人街的金大街开设了一家裁缝店。他将其命名为Musashiya，取自日本家乡的名称。当宫本千太郎去世时，他的大儿子Koichi Rō接手了生意。那时，这家店已经被称为Musashiya衬衫制造商，并且为夏威夷最著名的时尚出口做出了贡献。
Imagine it's 1928. You're in the back room of your family's tailor shop on King Street. Your father started the business when he emigrated from Japan, and you took over after he died several years ago. But lately, business has slowed, forcing you to take out alone to keep things going. Now your banker is here, urging you to invest in newspaper ads to drum up business.
假设现在是1928年。你正在家族裁缝店的后房里，地址在京街。你的父亲从日本移民到这里创业，他几年前去世后，你接手了生意。但是最近业务不景气，你不得不自己负责维持生意。现在，你的银行家来了，敦促你投资于报纸广告，以拉动业务。
I think it's a good idea. I mean, remember the ads your father did, with the pitch in English? You remember those, and you hated them, with the intentionally bad grammar and the cartoon figures. But your white banker can't stop talking about them. People love those ads. They were very funny.
我觉得这是个好主意。我的意思是，你记得你父亲的广告吗？用英语发表的那个演说？你记得那些广告，你讨厌它们，因为它们刻意使用了错误的语法和卡通形象。但是你的白人银行家一直谈论它们。人们很喜欢这些广告。它们非常有趣。
I don't know. That was a long time ago. Besides, I didn't think they were funny. They made fun of how my dad talked. But they worked. They kept your dad's business going, right? And if you can't come up with a good gimmick like that, I'm afraid you're going to lose this place.
我不知道。那是很久以前的事了。而且，我不觉得它们有趣。他们取笑我爸爸的说话方式。但是它们有效啊。它们让你爸爸的生意一直在走，对吧？如果你不能想出一个像那样好的噱头，我担心你会失去这个地方。
You hate to admit it, but you are in trouble. You need something to get more business. And it's right then when something occurs to you.
你不想承认，但你麻烦了。你需要些什么来拓展生意。正是在这时，你突然想到了一些东西。
Well, I do have one idea.
好的，我确实有一个想法。
Let's hear it.
让我们听听。
Well, we ordered these bolts of kimono fabric from Japan. But we had more than we could use, so I had my shirtmaker take the material and make a few short sleeve men's shirts. It was just as an experiment. I wasn't sure people would want men's shirts with floral prints. But we sold them all in just a few days. He made a dozen more. We sold most of those too. Yeah. Oh, well, I saw a couple hanging in your window. I would buy one. What'd you call them? Just a white shirt, sir. A low-ha shirt, something. I don't know. The local surf boys seem to like them too. But so do the navy men and the tourists. A low-ha shirts. Well, I think this is it. Why not make more of those? I guess I can. I'll talk to my shirtmaker. You watch the banker leave and look at the small sign in your front window beneath two unsold shirts. Maybe if you made the sign bigger, kept the price under a dollar and came up with some new shirt designs. This, a low-ha shirt, might just keep your shop afloat.
我们从日本订购了这些和服面料的螺栓。但我们有了比我们需要的更多，所以我让我的衬衫制造商拿走材料，做了一些短袖男式衬衫。这只是一个实验。我不确定人们是否想要带花卉印花的男式衬衫。但我们在短短几天内就把它们都卖了。他又制作了十几件。我们也卖掉了大部分。是的。哦，我看到你窗外挂着几件。我想买一件。你叫它们什么？只是一件白衬衫，先生。一种低哈衫，什么的。我不知道。当地冲浪男孩似乎也喜欢它们。但海军军人和游客也喜欢。低哈衫。好吧，我想这就是了。为什么不做更多这样的衣服呢？我猜我可以。我会跟我的衬衫制造商谈谈。你看着银行家离开，看着你前面的小牌子，在两件未售出的衬衫下面。也许如果你把牌子做得更大，在一美元以下的价格下，设计一些新款式的衬衫。这种低哈衫或许能让你的店维持下去。
The exact origins of what came to be known as the Hawaiian shirt are a fiercely debated subject. But its widely acknowledged that Koichi-ro Miyamoto was one of the pioneers of the style. Ads for Miyamoto's shop, Musesuya, were the first to call them a low-ha shirts. They were touted as well tailored beautiful designs and radiant colors. One ad said, Special for tourists, a low-ha shirts made to order or ready-made. Very quickly, the shirts became popular with surfers and other locals, as well as military men and tourists. And as words spread, actors and musicians like John Barrymore and Bing Crosby would come to Miyamoto's shop to stock up.
夏威夷衬衫的确切起源是一个激烈争论的话题。但是我们普遍认为，它被称为“低哈衬衫”的风格的先驱之一是宫本光一郎。宫本的店铺Musesuya的广告最先称它们为低哈衬衫。它们被吹捧为精心裁剪、美丽设计和辉煌色彩。其中一则广告说：“特别为游客准备的低哈衬衫，可订制或现成。”很快，这种衬衫成为冲浪者和当地人、军人和游客的流行单品。随着口耳相传，像约翰·巴里摩尔和彭·克劳福德这样的演员和音乐家纷纷来到宫本的店铺备货。
Another pioneering shirtmaker was a Chinese businessman named Ellery Chun, who returned home to Honolulu after graduating from Yale University in 1931. He began making Hawaiian shirts at his shop, King Smith Clotheers, and would later trademark the term a low-ha shirt. Surfing legend Duke Kahana Moku also got into the Hawaiian shirt business, partnering with a local apparel business called Brandfleet to create his own clothing line.
另一位开创性的衬衫制造商是一位叫做 Ellery Chun 的中国商人。1931年，他从耶鲁大学毕业后返回他的家乡檀香山。他开始在他的店铺 King Smith Clothes 制作夏威夷衬衫，并最终注册了“低哈衬衫”的商标。冲浪传奇人物杜克·卡哈那摩库也加入了夏威夷衬衫行业，与当地服装企业 Brandfleet 合作创建他自己的服装系列。
These shirts, like the mixed race communities from which they originated, were the result of multiple cultural influences. Taylor Shops modeled them after the short sleeve Japanese work shirts, worn by plantation laborers, and the pineapple fiber shirts that Filipino men wore untucked. They were imprinted with images of island life, surfboards, flowers, palm trees, grass skirts, ukuleles and pineapples. And in the years leading up to World War II, these inexpensive shirts grew increasingly popular, both in Hawaii and on the mainland. To many, they served as a colorful rebuke of the worst economic crisis to ever hit the country, the Great Depression.
这些衬衫，就像它们源自的混合种族社区一样，是多种文化影响的结果。泰勒服装店仿造短袖日本工作衫和未被塞入衣裤中的菲律宾男性穿着的菠萝纤维衫而设计出这些衬衫。它们印有岛屿生活、冲浪板、花朵、棕榈树、草裙舞、夏威夷四弦琴和菠萝等图案。在二战前的年代，这些低价衬衫越来越流行，不仅在夏威夷，在大陆也是如此。对许多人来说，这些衬衫是对美国最严重的经济危机 - 大萧条的生动反驳。
Throughout the 1920s, Hawaii enjoyed low unemployment thanks to the robust sugar and pineapple industries, plus a tourism and construction boom. And when the Great Depression struck in 1929, it seemed briefly like the islands might be spared the worst of the downturn. But by 1931, many plantation and cannery workers had lost their jobs. Employment declined, a sugar and pineapple exports suffered. Some farmers declared bankruptcy, and many laborers were left without jobs or homes. Tourism plummeted, and the fancy hotels and luxury ships emptied out. But one small slice of the economy that did not suffer was the sale of Hawaiian shirts.
在20世纪20年代，夏威夷的经济得益于蓬勃发展的糖果和菠萝产业，以及旅游和建筑业的繁荣，失业率保持较低水平。当经济大萧条在1929年降临时，岛屿似乎会暂时免受衰退影响。但到了1931年，许多种植园和罐头厂工人失去了工作，失业率上升，糖果和菠萝出口受到影响。一些农民宣布破产，许多劳动者失业无家可归。旅游业急剧下降，豪华酒店和游轮成了空巢。但唯一没有受到影响的是夏威夷衬衫的销售。
US servicemen brought the brightly patterned shirts back to the states as mementos, providing free advertising for the shirts and for the Hawaiian islands themselves. For the American military, Hawaii had been an important outpost since 1887, when the US Navy was granted exclusive access to Pearl Harbor. By the 1930s, about 20,000 servicemen were based on a Wahoo, the island that was home to Pearl Harbor and the capital Honolulu. That number grew significantly in 1931 after Japan invaded Manchuria, a region of China. US military leaders, fearing further Japanese aggression, decided to bolster their presence in the Pacific. So while tourist visits were cut in half by the Depression, more and more sailors and soldiers now walk the streets of Honolulu.
美国军人作为纪念品将色彩鲜艳的衬衫带回了国内，为衬衫和夏威夷群岛自身提供免费的广告宣传。自从1887年美国海军独家进入珍珠港以来，夏威夷一直是美国军事前哨的一个重要外站。到了20世纪30年代，大约有20,000名驻军驻扎在瓦胡岛上，这个岛屿既是珍珠港所在之地，也是首府檀香山的所在地。自从日本侵略中国满洲之后，1931年美国军队的人数显著增加。美国军方领导人担心日本会再次挑起战争，因此他们决定在太平洋地区加强实力。尽管旅游业因萧条而减少了一半，但越来越多的水兵和士兵现在在檀香山的街头走动。
The buildup was good for some businesses and helped soften the blow of the Depression, but it also brought increased friction between servicemen and Hawaiian locals. And in 1931, that friction came to a head.
这种累积有利于一些企业，并有助于缓解经济衰退的打击，但也增加了服役人员和夏威夷本地人之间的摩擦。到了1931年，这种摩擦达到了顶峰。
On September 12th of that year, a 20-year-old woman named Thalia Massey reported to police that five men had beaten and raped her the previous night in Waikiki, not far from the Fort D'Aruci Army base.
当年9月12日，一位名叫Thalia Massey的20岁女性向警方报告称，前一晚在距离Fort D'Aruci陆军基地不远的威基基地区，有五名男子殴打和强奸了她。
Massey had been out at a nightclub with her husband Thomas, a naval officer and engineer on a submarine based at Pearl Harbor. She and Thomas had gotten into an argument and Thalia left the club alone. She reported that while walking down a dark street, she was abducted, thrown into a car, driven down a dark dirt road, and repeatedly raped in the jungle. She referred to her attackers as some Hawaiian boys.
Massey和她的丈夫Thomas，一名在珍珠港潜艇基地的海军军官和工程师，一起去了一家夜总会。她和Thomas发生了争吵，Thalia独自离开了夜总会。她报告说，当她走在一条黑暗的街道上时，她被绑架，被扔进了一辆车里，开车行驶在一条黑暗的土路上，并在丛林里被多次强奸。她将攻击者称为一些夏威夷男孩。
Massey initially said she wouldn't be able to identify any of the men because it was too dark. But when Honolulu police quickly rounded up five suspects, Massey said she recognized them. The five men were arrested and charged with rape. They were all Hawaiian-born, from working-class Asian, Hawaiian, or mixed-race families. All claimed they were innocent, insisting they'd never seen Thalia Massey.
马西最开始说她无法确认任何男子的身份，因为太暗了。但是当檀香山警方迅速逮捕了五名嫌疑人时，马西说她认出了他们。这五名男子被逮捕并被指控强奸。他们都出生于夏威夷，来自工人阶级的亚洲、夏威夷或混血家庭。所有人都声称自己是无辜的，坚称他们从未见过萨利亚·马西。
But the story quickly generated sensational headlines and revealed the racial tensions that lurk beneath Hawaii's aloha spirit, tensions that would soon lead to an act of shocking violence. Honolulu newspapers described Thalia Massey as a woman of refinement and culture, and the suspects that allegedly attacked her as fiends. mainland newspapers raged that innocent white women in Hawaii were being assaulted by savages. Rear Admiral Yates Sterling, commander of the naval district, were Thalia's husband Thomas Massey worked, told reporters that white people were under attack in Hawaii, and the men accused of raping Thalia should be lynched.
但是这个故事很快引起了轰动性的头条新闻，并揭示出隐藏在夏威夷善良精神下的种族紧张关系，这些紧张关系很快导致了一起令人震惊的暴力行为。檀香山的报纸将莎丽亚·马西描述为一位有教养和文化的女士，而涉嫌攻击她的嫌疑人则被称为恶魔。大陆的报纸则痛斥夏威夷的野蛮人袭击无辜的白人妇女。在夏威夷海军区指挥官托马斯·马西工作的海军后勤上将叶茨·斯特林告诉记者，白人正在夏威夷受到攻击，并认为被控强奸莎丽亚的男子应该被处以私刑。
And it was during this media frenzy that the five suspects were released on bail to await trial. Beniakowelo and Joseph Kahawaii were both 20 years old in Native Hawaiian. They were well-known local football players, and Kahawaii was a successful amateur boxer. Horus Ida, 24, and David Takai, 21, were of Japanese descent. The fifth Henry Chang was a 22-year-old Chinese Hawaiian and had just returned home from working on a fish farm in Alaska.
就在这场媒体狂潮期间，五名嫌疑人获得保释等待审判。Beniakowelo和Joseph Kahawaii都是20岁的土生土长夏威夷人。他们是知名的本地足球运动员，而Kahawaii是一名成功的业余拳击手。24岁的Horus Ida和21岁的David Takai是日裔。第五个Henry Chang是22岁的中华夏威夷人，刚从阿拉斯加的养鱼场回家。
The five young men were friends and had been out driving in Horus Ida's car the night of the alleged attack. They had gotten into a near fender bender in downtown Honolulu, followed by a scuffle with the other driver. When the driver reported the incident, police decided that they had found their suspects in Massey's assault. But apart from Massey herself, no witnesses could place any of the men near the scene of the alleged crime, and in the weeks to come, parts of Massey's account unraveled.
这五个年轻人是朋友，在Horace Ida的车里开车时被指控攻击。他们曾在火奴鲁鲁市中心与另一名驾驶员发生了轻微的追尾事故并发生了争吵。当驾驶员报告事件后，警方认为他们找到了袭击Massey的嫌疑人。但除了Massey本人外，没有证人能够将这些男子与袭击现场联系起来，在接下来的几周里，Massey的部分说法开始解开。
Massey had suffered a broken jaw as well as some cuts and bruises, but doctors reported that her injuries were not consistent with the assault she described, and soon details emerged about her troubled marriage and past incidents in which her husband Thomas had been violent. The case went to trial in November, but due to shoddy police work and conflicting testimony, the jury was unable to reach a verdict. In early December, the judge declared a mistrial, and the suspects were released. A retrial was scheduled, but before it could start, vigilantes took matters into their own hands.
“Massey”受伤了，她的下巴骨折了，身上也有一些擦伤和瘀伤，但医生报告说她的伤情与她描述的袭击不符，很快有关她不幸的婚姻和丈夫托马斯过去的暴力事件的细节浮出水面。案件于11月进行审判，但由于警方工作不力和证人证言不一，陪审团未能达成裁决。12月初，法官宣布庭审无效，嫌疑人被释放。重新审判已经安排好了，但在它开始之前，私刑队伍已经开始行动了。
First, a group of navy men abducted Horus Ida and beat him with belt buckles, hoping to force a confession, but Ida refused to admit to raping Massey, and barely survived the beating by pretending to be unconscious. Then, in January, Thomas Massey and two other navy men kidnapped another of the accused, Joseph Kahawaii. They drove him to the rented bungalow of Thalia Massey's socialite mother, Grace Fortescue, who had come to town for the trial.
首先，一群海军士兵绑架了Horus Ida，并用皮带扣打他，希望逼他坦白，但Ida拒绝承认强奸Massey，并通过假装失去意识勉强挺过了殴打。然后，在1月份，Thomas Massey和另外两个海军士兵绑架了另一个被指控的人Joseph Kahawaii。他们把他开车带到了Thalia Massey社交名媛母亲Grace Fortescue租的平房里，后者为此次审判而来到了城里。
There, while interrogating Kahawaii, one of the abductors shot him in the chest. Kahawaii died instantly. Thomas Massey and his fellow sailors, Edward Lord and Albert Jones, stripped Kahawaii naked, wrapped him in a sheet, and drove to an ocean-side cliff where they intended to dump the body, but a police officer pulled them over and took them into custody before they could do it.
在那儿，当审问卡哈瓦伊时，其中一个绑匪向他开了一枪，打中了他的胸口。卡哈瓦伊瞬间死亡。托马斯·马西和他的同事爱德华·洛德和艾伯特·琼斯脱去了卡哈瓦伊的衣服，用一张床单包裹着他，驾车前往海边的悬崖，打算把尸体扔掉，但一名警察拦下了他们，并在他们行动之前将他们逮捕。
Thomas Massey, Jones, Lord, and Fortescue were charged with murder and held on a ship in Pearl Harbor as they awaited trial. Proceedings were set to begin in April of 1932. The evidence against Massey and his co-defendants was overwhelming, but fortunately for them, since the case had generated national interest, they were able to hire one of the country's most celebrated lawyers.
托马斯·马西、琼斯、劳德和福特斯克被指控犯有谋杀罪，并被关押在珍珠港的一艘船上，等待审判。审判程序定于1932年4月开始。对马西和他的共同被告的证据不可避免，但幸运的是，由于这个案件引起了全国的关注，他们能够聘请一位国家最著名的律师。
Clarence Dero had gained fame in such high-profile cases as the Leopold and Loeb Murder trial of 1924 and the Scopes Monkey trial of 1925. Now, at age 68, he came out of retirement to defend what he described as an honor killing. Dero had built a reputation as a defender of the underprivileged and his late career decision to defend well-to-do vigilantes surprised many.
克拉伦斯·德罗在高调案件中获得了声誉，比如1924年的莱波德和洛伊布谋杀案审判以及1925年的斯科普斯猴子案审判。现在，68岁的他从退休中走出来，为一起他所称之为荣誉杀人案进行辩护。德罗建立了维护弱势群体的声誉，而他晚年决定为富裕的义务警卫进行辩护让许多人感到惊讶。
He later admitted that he needed the money and Fortescue was willing to pay him $40,000. Almost $700,000 today. Meanwhile, the prosecutor in the case, John Kelly, received hate mail and death threats. Admiral Sterling and other Navy leaders hoped for a fast resolution. One that would prove Falea Massey had been telling the truth and therefore justified the killing of Kahawaii. That's not what they got.
他后来承认他需要钱，而福特斯库愿意付给他4万美元。如今相当于近70万美元。与此同时，案件的检察官约翰·凯利收到了恶意邮件和死亡威胁。司法部长斯特林上将和其他海军领袖希望能够快速解决此事。他们希望解决方案能证明法莱亚·马西说的是真话，从而证明杀害卡哈瓦伊是合理的。但他们没得到这样的结果。
Imagine its April 27th, 1932. You're the city prosecutor in Honolulu and you spent the past two weeks sparring with America's most famous lawyer, Clarence Dero. Now you stand before the judge. As a jury sits off to your right and a murmuring crowd fills the benches behind you. On the witness stand sits the man you believe to be the ringleader of a brutal murder. Tom is Massey. But now he's claiming temporary insanity, insisting he doesn't remember a thing. Clarence Dero has just finished questioning him and now it's your turn to cross-examine.
假设是1932年4月27日，你是檀香山的城市检察官。你在过去的两周里一直与美国最著名的律师克拉伦斯·德罗激烈争论。现在你站在法官面前，陪审团坐在你的右边，后面的长椅上坐满了嘈杂的人群。目睹此案的当事人坐在证人席上，你相信他是这起惨案中的首脑，汤姆·马西。但是现在他声称因为暂时的精神错乱，他什么都不记得了。克拉伦斯·德罗刚刚对他进行了询问，现在轮到你进行盘问了。
Mr. Massey, I'd like to clear up a few things that your attorney just asked you about. For starters, you said that you picked up Mr. Kahawaii on the eighth day of January 1932 in order to extract a confession from him. Is that correct? If you say so.
马西先生，我想澄清一下您的律师刚刚问您的事情。首先，您说您于1932年1月8日接走了卡哈瓦伊先生，以便从他那里得出一个认罪声明，这是正确的吗？如果您这么说的话。
Well, earlier you testified that as an officer in the United States Navy, you were accustomed to carrying side arms. Yes? On to E. Yes, sir. And the gun you were accustomed to using is a 45 automatic. Is it not? That's correct. Did you have your 45 with you that morning? The morning of January 8th? I believe so, yes.
好的，早些时候你作证说作为美国海军的一名军官，你习惯携带侧臂。是吗？然后是 E。是的，先生。你所习惯使用的枪是一支45自动手枪，不是吗？没错。那天早上你有随身携带你的45手枪吗？1月8日的那个早上？我相信是的，是的。
What was the purpose of bringing that gun over that morning? That was to scare him. You were going to scare a confession out of Mr. Kahawaii. That's what we hope for, yeah. But what happened instead? Well, that's when it all gets fuzzy. What was the last thing that Mr. Kahawaii said before you had this mental lapse? I'll never forget it. He said, yes, we done it. And that's all he said. That's all I can remember. Because then what happened?
当天早上带那把枪的目的是什么？是为了吓唬他。你们想从卡哈瓦伊先生嘴里逼出认罪的话。对，我们希望如此。但事实是什么呢？嗯，那时我头脑有些混乱。在你这次精神失常之前，卡哈瓦伊先生说的最后一句话是什么？我永远不会忘记。他说：“是的，我们做了。”这就是他说的全部了，那之后发生了什么？
That's when you shot him, right? I don't know. You claim you were suddenly laboring under some sort of mental hallucination at this time. Now, I was suffering greatly. Yeah. I don't remember anything about it.
那是你开枪打了他，对吗？我不知道。你声称那时突然陷入了某种精神幻觉之中。现在，我非常痛苦。是的。我什么也不记得了。
So you were standing there with a loaded gun, with a hammerback, when you were talking to Kahawaii. And then he was dead. But you don't remember pulling the trigger. Is that what you want this jury to believe? I don't know. I was thinking of only one thing and that was to make the man tell his story. And he did.
你当时持有带上裆的枪，与Kahawaii交谈，然后他死了。但你不记得扣动扳机。你想让陪审团相信这是真的吗？ 我不知道。当时我只考虑一个事情，就是让那个人说出他的故事。最终他说出来了。
Murmur's rippled through the courtroom. And while you're hoping the jury will see through Massey's lies and do the right thing, you also know that seven of the twelve jurors, all white men probably don't believe that Joseph Kahawaii's life was worth much. Still, you hold out hope.
轻声细语传遍了法庭。虽然你希望陪审团能看透马西的谎言，做出正确的决定，但你也知道，十二名陪审员中的七名白人男子可能并不认为约瑟夫·卡哈瓦伊的生命价值很高。尽管如此，你仍抱有希望。
On April 29th, after a three week trial and two days of deliberation, the jury came back with a verdict that shocked many. Thomas Massey and the other defendants were guilty of manslaughter. The judge sentenced the four defendants to ten years of hard labor. But Hawaii's territorial governor, Lawrence Judd, intervened.
4月29日，经过长达三周的审判和两天的磋商后，陪审团作出了一项震惊众人的裁决。托马斯马西和其他被告人被判犯有过失杀人罪。法官判处四名被告人劳役10年。但夏威夷领地总督劳伦斯·贾德出面干预。
Under pressure from the Navy, Judd reduced the sentence to one hour, which he allowed the convicted killers to serve in his office across the street from the courthouse. Four days later, Thalia Massey, her husband Thomas and her mother, Grace Fortescue, all boarded a luxury mats and passenger ship and left Honolulu bound for San Francisco. The other two defendants, Edward Lord and Albert Jones, left town the next day.
受海军的压力下，贾德将原本的判决减少到一小时，并允许被定罪的杀手在法院对面的他的办公室里服刑。四天后，塔莉娅·马西、她的丈夫托马斯和她的母亲格蕾丝·福特斯库登上了一艘豪华的席位和客船离开了檀香山，前往旧金山。另外两名被告，爱德华·洛德和阿尔伯特·琼斯，于次日离开了城镇。
The Massey case captivated the nation and tarnished Hawaii's peaceful tourist-friendly image. One headline warned, race mixtures add to Hawaii's problems. Time magazine wrote that the yellow man's lust for white women has broken bounds. Tourists were warned to stay away. Many native Hawaiians, meanwhile, felt that their people had been unfairly disparaged. Princess Abigail told the press that the release of Kahawaii's convicted killers was a travesty evidence that there were two sets of laws in Hawaii, one for the favored few and another for the people.
马西案引起全国关注，玷污了夏威夷平和友善的旅游形象。有一则标题警告说，种族混杂加剧了夏威夷的问题。时代杂志写道，“黄种男人对白种女人的渴望已经出现了问题。”游客被警告要远离夏威夷。与此同时，许多夏威夷原住民感到自己的人民受到了不公正的诋毁。阿比盖尔公主告诉媒体，释放卡哈瓦伊被定罪的杀手是一个荒谬的证据，证明夏威夷存在着两套法律，一个是为少数受宠的人准备的，另一个是为人民准备的。
The Hawaii Ho Chi newspaper, which served the Japanese community, accused the governor of condoning crime. And although headlines in mainland newspapers soon faded, the Massey case remained a sore spot in Hawaii for years to come. In 1933, the US was still in the grips of the Great Depression, with one quarter of mainland workers out of a job. But the Hawaiian economy had already rebounded. Unemployment on the islands that year dropped to just 7%, partly due to sugar plantations deporting immigrant laborers back to Japan and the Philippines.
《夏威夷胡志报》是为日本社区服务的报纸，指责州长纵容犯罪。虽然美国本土报纸的头条很快消失了，但马西案一直是夏威夷的痛点。1933年，美国仍然陷入大萧条，四分之一的本土工人失业。但夏威夷经济已经复苏。那一年，岛上的失业率仅降至7％，其中一部分原因是糖厂将移民劳工驱逐回日本和菲律宾。
Tourism also came back. The Matsun navigation company was now running three new luxury liners that could reach Honolulu from California in just four days. In 1934, tourists visited soar to more than 20,000.
旅游也回来了。松云船公司现在运营着三艘新的豪华游轮，只需四天就可以从加利福尼亚到达火奴鲁鲁。到了1934年，游客数量飙升到2万以上。
Things were looking up for the islands, but as a US territory, Hawaii lacked many of the benefits and guarantees afforded to states. It had just won non-voting representative in Congress and received no guaranteed funding from the federal government. Its citizens could not vote in presidential elections.
这些岛屿的前景开始看好了，但作为美国领土，夏威夷缺少州所享有的许多福利和保障。虽然只赢得了国会的非投票代表，但并未获得联邦政府的保障资金。它的公民无法参加总统选举。
So to fix this, in 1935, Samuel Wilder King, the Hawaiian-born territorial delegate to Congress, introduced a bill proposing that Hawaii become America's next state. Others in Congress called the idea preposterous, referring to the Massey case and describing Hawaii as a land of native savages and Japanese spies. The bill quickly died.
因此，为了解决这个问题，1935年，夏威夷土生土长的代表萨缪尔·怀尔德·金在国会提出了一项法案，提议夏威夷成为美国的下一个州。国会中的其他人认为这个想法荒谬可笑，引用马西案，称夏威夷是一个原住民和日本间谍的土地。这项法案很快就被否决了。
But King was a relentless advocate and ambassador for Hawaii. Two years later, in October of 1937, he invited a joint committee of US senators and representatives to see the islands for themselves. They sailed a Matsun luxury liner and stayed at the Royal Hawaiian Hotel. They toured sugar plantations and military facilities, including Pearl Harbor.
但是金恩格一直是夏威夷的坚定拥护者和大使。两年后的1937年10月，他邀请了美国参议员和众议员的联合委员会亲自看看这些岛屿。他们乘坐马逊豪华客轮，并在皇家夏威夷酒店住宿。他们参观了包括珍珠港在内的糖厂和军事设施。
King hoped to show that Hawaii was a strategic naval outpost that deserved more federal support and statehood. Perhaps the strongest argument in King's favor was Hawaii's growing strategic importance. Japan had expanded its aggressive military campaign across China, attacking Beijing and Shanghai in 1937, then killing 300,000 civilians in what became known as the Rave of Nanjing.
King希望展示夏威夷是一个值得更多美国联邦支持和成为州份的战略海军前哨基地。也许King最有力的论点是夏威夷日益增长的战略意义。1937年，日本将其侵略性军事运动扩展到中国，攻击北京和上海，然后在南京大屠杀中杀害了30万平民。
The Japanese Empire was a growing and real concern for American interests in the Pacific. A conflict seemed inevitable, and soon Hawaii would fall victim to a deadly and infamous surprise attack.
美国在太平洋地区的利益面临日本帝国不断扩张和真实的威胁。一场冲突似乎是不可避免的，很快夏威夷就会成为臭名昭著的致命袭击的受害者。
From Wondery, this is Episode 3 of Hawaii's journey to statehood from American history tellers. On the next episode, Pearl Harbor and other US bases on a Wahoo become scenes of carnage as Hawaii gets hit by one of the most unexpected military assaults in modern warfare.
这个故事来自Wondery，是美国历史的讲述者，这是第三集关于夏威夷成为州的旅程。在下一集中，珍珠港和瓦胡岛上的其他美军基地成为了屠杀的场景，因为夏威夷遭受了现代战争中最意想不到的军事攻击之一。
Hey, Prime members, you can listen to American history tellers add free on Amazon music, download the Amazon Music Cap today, or you can listen add free with Wondery Plus and Apple podcasts. Before you go, tell us about yourself by completing a short survey at Wondery.com slash survey.
嘿，Prime会员，您可以在亚马逊音乐上免费收听美国历史的讲述者。今天就下载亚马逊音乐应用程序，或者使用Wondery Plus和Apple播客来免费收听。在您离开之前，请通过在Wondery.com/survey完成短调查，告诉我们一些关于您自己的信息。
If you'd like to learn more about the stories in this episode, we recommend America Goes Hawaiian, the influence of Pacific Island culture on the mainland by Jeff Alexander, and Water Man, the life and times of Duke Kahana Moku by David Davis.
如果你想了解更多有关本集中的故事，我们推荐读Jeff Alexander的《美国走向夏威夷：太平洋岛屿文化对大陆的影响》和David Davis的《水人：杜克·卡哈纳莫库的生活和时代》。
American history tellers has hosted, edited and produced by me Lindsey Graham for Airship, audio editing by Christian Paraga, sound design by Molly Bach, music by Lindsey Graham. This episode is written by Neil Thompson, edited by Dorian Marina, produced by Alita Rizanski. Our production coordinator is Desi Blaylock, managing producer Matt Gantt, senior managing producer Tanya Thigpen, senior producer Andy Herman, executive producer, our Jenny Lauer Beckman, and Marsha Louis for Wondery.
我是Lindsey Graham，由我主持、编辑和制作的《美国历史叙述者》节目，由Airship播出，Christian Paraga进行音频编辑，Molly Bach进行音效设计，Lindsey Graham创作音乐。本期节目由Neil Thompson编写，Dorian Marina编辑，Alita Rizanski制作。我们的制作协调员是Desi Blaylock，经理制作人是Matt Gantt，高级经理制作人是Tanya Thigpen，高级制作人是Andy Herman，执行制片人是Jenny Lauer Beckman和Marsha Louis为Wondery。